NERA Handbook_Planning TRS

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Dear friends,

This is a very Good handbook for Planning of line-of-sight.
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Contents
Preface to the second edition.....................................................................i
Preface .......................................................................................................ii
Contents .....................................................................................................iv
1. General considerations ..........................................................................1
2. Wave propagation in the atmosphere ....................................................3
2.1 Fundamentals of ray optics ........................................................4
2.2 The index of refraction for the atmosphere ...............................5
2.3 Ray bending relative to earth .....................................................7
2.4 K-value.......................................................................................7
2.5 Atmospherical multipath propagation .......................................8
2.5.1 Ground based duct.........................................................9
2.5.2 Elevated duct .................................................................9
2.5.3 Formation of a duct .......................................................10
2.5.4 Ducting probability........................................................11
3. Terrain profiles ......................................................................................14
3.1 Introduction................................................................................14
3.2 Path profiles ...............................................................................14
3.3 Fresnel zone ...............................................................................17
3.4 Earth bulge .................................................................................18
3.5 Ground reflections .....................................................................18
3.5.1 Geometrical method ......................................................20
3.5.2 Analytical method .........................................................21
4. Field survey ...........................................................................................24
4.1 Survey Procedures......................................................................24
4.1.1 Preparations ...................................................................24
4.1.2 Field Work.....................................................................25
4.2 Survey Equipment......................................................................28
4.3 Survey Report ............................................................................29
4.4 Difficult areas for microwave links ...........................................29
5. Performance and availability objectives................................................30
5.1 Introduction................................................................................30
5.1.1 Summary of ITU objectives ..........................................30
5.2 Objectives based on ITU-T G.821.............................................31
5.2.1 Performance objectives .................................................31
Contents v
5.2.1.1 Some definitions............................................... 31
5.2.1.2 Objectives......................................................... 33
5.2.2 Availability objectives .................................................. 34
5.2.3 Circuit classification ..................................................... 35
5.2.3.1 High grade circuits ........................................... 35
5.2.3.2 Medium grade circuits...................................... 37
5.2.3.3 Local grade circuits .......................................... 38
5.6 Objectives based on G.826 and G.827 ...................................... 39
5.6.1 Performance objectives................................................. 39
5.6.1.1 Some definitions............................................... 39
5.6.1.2 Parameters ........................................................ 40
5.6.1.3 Performance objectives .................................... 41
5.6.1.3.1 International portion using radiorelay
systems ....................................................... 42
5.6.1.3.2 National portion using radio-relay
systems ................................................................ 43
6. Antennas................................................................................................ 44
6.1 Antenna parameters ................................................................... 44
6.1.1 Antenna gain ................................................................. 45
6.1.2 VSWR........................................................................... 46
6.1.3 Side and backlobe levels............................................... 46
6.1.4 Cross-polarization......................................................... 47
6.1.5 Beam width ................................................................... 48
6.1.6 Mechanical stability...................................................... 48
6.1.7 Effective isotropic radiated power................................ 48
6.2 Passive repeaters........................................................................ 49
6.2.1 Plane reflectors.............................................................. 50
6.2.1.1 Gain of plane reflector...................................... 50
6.2.2 Back-to-back antennas.................................................. 51
7. Power budget......................................................................................... 53
7.1 Free space loss........................................................................... 53
7.2 Atmospheric attenuation............................................................ 54
7.2 Link budget................................................................................ 56
8. Precipitation .......................................................................................... 58
8.1 Characteristics of precipitation.................................................. 58
8.1.1 Orographic precipitation............................................... 58
8.1.2 Convectional precipitation............................................ 59
8.1.3 Cyclonic precipitation................................................... 59
8.1.4 Tropical cyclone storms................................................ 60
vi Contents
8.2 How precipitation affects radio wave propagation....................60
8.2.1 Scattering.......................................................................61
8.2.2 Absorption .....................................................................61
8.2.3 Total rain attenuation for a radio path...........................61
8.2.4 Rain measurements........................................................62
8.2.5 Raindrop shape ..............................................................63
8.3 Unavailability due to rain...........................................................63
8.3.1 Effective path length .....................................................63
8.3.2 Fade depth due to rain ...................................................64
9. Performance predictions........................................................................68
9.1 Why fading margin? ..................................................................68
9.2 Multipath fading.........................................................................69
9.2.1 Flat fading......................................................................70
9.2.1.1 Old prediction method ......................................70
9.2.1.2 New prediction method.....................................71
9.2.1.2.1 Inland links.....................................................72
9.2.1.2.2 Coastal links over/near large bodies of
water ..............................................................................74
9.2.1.2.3 Coastal links over/near medium-sized
bodies of water ..............................................................75
9.2.1.2.4 Indistinct path definition................................76
9.2.2 Frequency selective fading............................................76
9.2.2.1 Dipology............................................................81
9.2.2.1.1 Model....................................................81
9.2.2.1.2 Mean delay ...........................................82
9.2.2.1.3 Notches vs. input level .........................82
9.2.2.1.4 Dip dynamics........................................82
10. Diversity ..............................................................................................83
10.1 Basic concept of diversity protection ......................................83
10.1.1 Diversity improvement................................................83
10.2 Single diversity ........................................................................85
10.2.1 Space diversity.............................................................85
10.2.1.1 Diversity techniques in analogue systems ......85
10.2.1.2 Diversity techniques in digital systems ..........87
10.2.2 Frequency diversity .....................................................89
10.2.2.1 Redundant 1+1 system....................................90
10.2.2.2 Redundant N+1 system...................................91
10.2.2.3 Switching sections ..........................................92
10.2.3 Hot standby configuration...........................................92
10.2.4 Hybrid diversity...........................................................92
10.3 Angle diversity.........................................................................93
Contents vii
10.3.1 Prediction of outage using angle diversity ................. 95
10.4 Combined diversity ................................................................. 96
10.5 Path diversity........................................................................... 97
11. Cross-polar interference...................................................................... 99
11.1 Quantitative description .......................................................... 100
11.2 Outage due to clear air effects................................................. 101
11.2.1 A step-by-step procedure for predicting outage......... 103
11.2.2 Space diversity improvement ..................................... 105
11.3 Outage due to precipitation effects ......................................... 106
11.3.1 XPD statistics.............................................................. 107
11.3.2 A step-by-step procedure for predicting outage......... 107
12. Interference ......................................................................................... 109
12.1 Noise........................................................................................ 109
12.1.1 Thermal noise.............................................................. 109
12.1.2 Noise factor................................................................. 110
12.1.3 Noise in digital systems .............................................. 110
12.2 Interfering signal's impact on receiver threshold levels ......... 112
12.2.1 Co-channel interference.............................................. 113
12.2.2 Adjacent channel interference .................................... 114
13. Propagation in interference calculations............................................. 116
13.1 Co-ordination area................................................................... 116
13.2 Propagation mechanisms......................................................... 119
13.2.1 Long-term interference mechanisms .......................... 119
13.2.2 Short-term interference mechanisms .......................... 119
13.3 Prediction methods .................................................................. 120
13.3.1 Global procedure......................................................... 120
13.3.2 Path classification ....................................................... 122
13.3.3 Ducting interference ................................................... 124
14. Frequency planning............................................................................. 125
14.1 Setting up the frequency plan.................................................. 125
14.1.1 Conditions................................................................... 125
14.1.2 International frequency plans ..................................... 126
14.1.2.1 Alternated channel arrangement .................... 126
14.1.2.2 Co-channel arrangement ................................ 129
14.1.2.3 Interleaved arrangement................................. 129
14.1.3 Adjacent-channel separation....................................... 132
14.1.3.1 Common path ................................................. 132
13.1.3.2 Separate paths................................................. 133
viii Contents
14.2 Allocation of radio frequencies................................................133
14.2.1 Preparations .................................................................133
14.2.2 Conditions....................................................................134
14.2.3 Frequency determination.............................................135
14.2.3.1 General considerations....................................135
14.2.3.2 Backbone network ..........................................135
13.2.3.2.1 Repeated use of the same radio
frequency .............................................................137
14.2.3.2.2 Detailed planning ...............................137
14.2.3.3 Meshed networks ............................................139
15. Interference calculations......................................................................141
15.1 Examples of RF-coupling ........................................................141
15.2 Calculation principles for digital networks .............................142
15.3 Antenna selection.....................................................................146
15.3.1 Nodal station disturbs outstation.................................146
15.3.2 Outstation disturbs nodal point ...................................146
15.3.3 Optimal conditions ......................................................147
15.3.4 Attenuation between antennas on the same tower ......147
15.4 Calculation of interference signal level ...................................148
15.4.1 General formula...........................................................148
15.4.2 Formulas for triangular configuration.........................151
15.4.2.1 Nodal station disturbs outstation ....................151
15.4.2.2 Outstation disturbs nodal station ....................152
15.4.2.3 Optimal conditions..........................................152
15.5 Calculation procedure ..............................................................154
15.5.1 Preconditions ...............................................................154
15.5.2 Interference calculations on digital network...............155
15.5.2.1 Interference evaluations..................................156
15.5.2.2 Summary of interference calculations ............163
15.6 The frequency plan...................................................................163
16. Reliability ............................................................................................164
16.1 Equipment failure rate..............................................................165
16.2 MTBF of modules....................................................................166
16.3 Calculation of unavailability....................................................166
16.3.1 Unavailability of one equipment module....................166
16.3.2 Unavailability of cascaded modules............................167
16.3.3 Unavailability of parallel modules ..............................167
16.3.4 Unavailability of a n+1 redundant system ..................168
References..................................................................................................171
Contents ix
Appendix A ............................................................................................... 176
PL-contour maps (ITU-R rep. 563-4 [28])...................................... 176
Appendix B ............................................................................................... 178
Rain zone contour maps (ITU-R rec. 837-1 [21])........................... 178
Appendix C ............................................................................................... 181
Rainfall contour maps (ITU-R rep. 563-4 [28]).............................. 181
Appendix D ............................................................................................... 184
Maps for ΔN and β0 (ITU-R rec. 452-5 [50])................................ 184
Appendix E ............................................................................................... 186
List of abbreviations........................................................................ 186
Index.......................................................................................................... 189

[kaka.enine]

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[freqzt]

Thanks for sharing. Rep for you.

[evilti]

So far so good. Thanks for you

[cqupthwb]

good book,thanks

[hassen]

Hi

thank you ,good reference for rf engineer
Rep for you....

br hassen

[byja]

This is older version of handbook, but it's very good nevertheless.

[nick80j]

Thanks yo uvery much for this useful book

[nick80j]

Does anyone have neve version of this book?
please share, at least its title

[hoto]

That doc. for me, i am writing thesis "microwave planning"