Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks

Fundamentals of 5G Mobile Networks
1 Drivers for 5G: The ‘Pervasive Connected World’1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Historical Trend of Wireless Communications 2
1.3 Evolution of LTE Technology to Beyond 4G 4
1.4 5G Roadmap 51.5 10 Pillars of 5G 6
1.5.1 Evolution of Existing RATs 6
1.5.2 Hyperdense Small‐Cell Deployment 7
1.5.3 Self‐Organising Network 8
1.5.4 Machine Type Communication 8
1.5.5 Developing Millimetre‐Wave RATs 8
1.5.6 Redesigning Backhaul Links 9
1.5.7 Energy Efficiency 9
1.5.8 Allocation of New Spectrum for 5G 10
1.5.9 Spectrum Sharing 10
1.5.10 RAN Virtualisation 101.6 5G in Europe 11
1.6.1 Horizon 2020 Framework Programme 11
1.6.2 5G Infrastructure PPP 12
1.6.3 METIS Project 13
1.6.4 5G Innovation Centre 14
1.6.5 Visions of Companies 14
1.7 5G in North America 15
1.7.1 Academy Research 15
1.7.2 Company R&D 15
1.8 5G in Asia 161.8.1 5G in China 16
1.8.2 5G in South Korea 19
1.8.3 5G in Japan 21
1.9 5G Architecture 23
1.10 Conclusion 24
Acknowledgements 25
References 25
2 The 5G Internet 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Internet of Things and Context‐Awareness 32
2.2.1 Internet of Things 33
2.2.2 Context‐Awareness 34
2.3 Networking Reconfiguration and Virtualisation Support 35
2.3.1 Software Defined Networking 36
2.3.2 Network Function Virtualisation 38
2.4 Mobility 40
2.4.1 An Evolutionary Approach from the Current Internet 40
2.4.2 A Clean‐Slate Approach 452.5 Quality of Service Control 47
2.5.1 Network Resource Provisioning 47
2.5.2 Aggregate Resource Provisioning 49
2.6 Emerging Approach for Resource Over‐Provisioning 50
2.6.1 Control Information Repository 53
2.6.2 Service Admission Control Policies 53
2.6.3 Network Resource Provisioning 53
2.6.4 Control Enforcement Functions 54
2.6.5 Network Configurations 54
2.6.6 Network Operations 55
2.7 Summary 57
Acknowledgements 57
References 58
3 Small Cells for 5G Mobile Networks 63
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 What are Small Cells? 64
3.2.1 WiFi and Femtocells as Candidate Small‐Cell Technologies 663.2.2 WiFi and Femto Performance – Indoors vs Outdoors 70
3.3 Capacity Limits and Achievable Gains with Densification 73
3.3.1 Gains with Multi‐Antenna Techniques 73
3.3.2 Gains with Small Cells 76
3.4 Mobile Data Demand 81
3.4.1 Approach and Methodology 81
3.5 Demand vs Capacity 81
3.6 Small‐Cell Challenges 93
3.7 Conclusions and Future Directions 97
References 99
4 Cooperation for Next Generation Wireless Networks 105
4.1 Introduction 105
4.2 Cooperative Diversity and Relaying Strategies 107
4.2.1 Cooperation and Network Coding 107
4.2.2 Cooperative ARQ MAC Protocols 108
4.3 PHY Layer Impact on MAC Protocol Analysis 110
4.3.1 Impact of Fast Fading and Shadowing on PacketReception for QoS Guarantee 111
4.3.2 Impact of Shadowing Spatial Correlation 112
4.4 Case Study: NCCARQ 113
4.4.1 NCCARQ Overview 113
4.4.2 PHY Layer Impact 114
4.5 Performance Evaluation 116
4.5.1 Simulation Scenario 116
4.5.2 Simulation Results 117
4.6 Conclusion 122
Acknowledgements 122
References 122
5 Mobile Clouds: Technology and Services for Future CommunicationPlatforms 125
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 The Mobile Cloud 127
5.2.1 User Resources 129
5.2.2 Software Resources 1305.2.3 Hardware Resources 131
5.2.4 Networking Resources 132
5.3 Mobile Cloud Enablers 133
5.3.1 The Mobile User Domain 133
5.3.2 Wireless Technologies 135
5.3.3 Software and Middleware 139
5.4 Network Coding 140
5.5 Summary 145
References 145
6 Cognitive Radio for 5G Wireless Networks 149
6.1 Introduction 149
6.2 Overview of Cognitive Radio Technology in 5G Wireless 150
6.3 Spectrum Optimisation using Cognitive Radio 152
6.4 Relevant Spectrum Optimisation Literature in 5G 152
6.4.1 Dynamic Spectrum Access 152
6.4.2 Spectrum Regulatory Policy 153
6.4.3 Marketing Policy and Model 154
6.5 Cognitive Radio and Carrier Aggregation 154
6.6 Energy‐Efficient Cognitive Radio Technology 155
6.7 Key Requirements and Challenges for 5G Cognitive Terminals 1566.7.1 5G Devices as Cognitive Radio Terminals 157
6.7.2 5G Cognitive Terminal Challenges 159
6.8 Summary 162
References 162
7 The Wireless Spectrum Crunch: White Spaces for 5G? 165
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 Background 168
7.2.1 Early Spectrum Management 168
7.2.2 History of TV White Spaces 169

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