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2010-02-26, 07:19 PM
Contents
Chapter 1 Microwave Communication Overview.......................................................................... 7
1.1 Basic Concepts of Digital Microwave ................................................................................... 7
1.2 Microwave Development Course.......................................................................................... 8
1.2.1 Microwave Evolution in the World.............................................................................. 8
1.2.2 Microwave Evolution in China.................................................................................... 9
1.3 Characteristics of Digital Radio Communication System ................................................... 10
1.4 Challenges and Opportunities for Digital Microwave Communication................................ 11
1.4.1 Optical Fiber Communication—Biggest Challenge for Digital Microwave
Communication ................................................................................................................. 11
1.4.2 Opportunities for Digital Microwave Communication ............................................... 12
1.5 Microwave Frequency Band Choice and RF Channel Arrangements................................ 14
1.6 Digital Microwave Communication System Model.............................................................. 16
1.6.1 Modulation Method of Digital Microwave ................................................................. 16
1.6.2 Channel Utilization of Each Modulation ................................................................... 18
1.7 Digital Microwave Frame Structure..................................................................................... 19
1.8 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 21
Chapter 2 Introduction to Digital Microwave Equipment ........................................................... 21
2.1 Digital Microwave Equipment Classification ....................................................................... 21
2.2 Microwave antenna and feeder .......................................................................................... 23
2.2.1 Microwave antenna .................................................................................................. 23
2.2.2 Classification of Microwave Antennas ..................................................................... 26
2.2.3 Feeder System......................................................................................................... 26
2.2.4 Branching System .................................................................................................... 27
2.3 Outdoor unit (ODU)............................................................................................................. 28
2.3.1 Constituents of Digital Microwave Transmitter and Major Performance Indexes .... 29
2.3.2 Constituents and Major Indexes of Receiver ........................................................... 31
2.4 Indoor Unit .......................................................................................................................... 33
2.5 Installation and Adjustment of Split Microwave System ..................................................... 34
2.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 36
Chapter 3 Microwave System Networking and Application....................................................... 36
3.1 Microwave System Typical Networking Modes and Station Types.................................... 36
3.1.1 Typical Networking Modes....................................................................................... 36
3.1.2 Microwave Station Types ......................................................................................... 37
3.2 Relay Station....................................................................................................................... 38
3.2.1 Passive Relay Station .............................................................................................. 38
3.2.2 Active Relay Station ................................................................................................. 42
3.3 Digital Microwave Application ............................................................................................. 43
3.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 45
Chapter 4 Microwave Propagation Theory .................................................................................. 45
4.1 Electric Wave Propagation in Free Space.......................................................................... 45
4.1.1 Free Space............................................................................................................... 45
4.1.2 Propagation Loss of Electric Waves in Free Space................................................. 45
4.2 Influence of Ground Reflection on the Electric Wave Propagation .................................... 46
4.2.1 Concept of Fresnel Zone.......................................................................................... 46
4.2.2 Influence of Ground Reflection on Receiving Level ................................................. 48
4.3 Influence of Troposphere on Electric Wave........................................................................ 54
4.3.1 Ray Bend in Atmosphere ......................................................................................... 55
4.3.2 Concept of Equivalent Earth Radius ........................................................................ 56
4.3.3 Refraction can be classified into three categories based on the K value ................ 56
Digital Microwave Communication Principles V1.0
Confidentiality Level:
Internal Use Only
2007-4-4 Huawei confidential, no disclosure without permission Page 4 of 144 pages
4.3.4 The Meaning of K Value in Engineering Design ...................................................... 57
4.4 Fading caused by Several Atmospheric and Earth Effects ................................................ 58
4.4.1 Fading Types............................................................................................................ 58
4.4.2 Influence of Troposphere on Electric Wave Propagation ........................................ 59
4.4.3 Fading Rules (microwave frequency bands lower than 10 GHz)............................. 61
4.5 Frequency Selective Fading ............................................................................................... 62
4.5.1 Multi-path Propagation of Electric Waves ................................................................ 62
4.5.2 Influence of Frequency Selective Fading on Transmission Quality of Microwave
Communication Systems .................................................................................................. 63
4.6 Statistic Feature of Fading.................................................................................................. 64
4.6.1 Microwave Fading Model—Rayleigh Distribution Function ..................................... 64
4.6.2 Engineering Calculation of Rayleigh Fading Probability .......................................... 65
4.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 66
Chapter 5 Anti-Fading Technology in Digital Microwave Equipment ....................................... 67
5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 67
5.1.1 Purposes of Taking Anti-Fading Measures.............................................................. 67
5.1.2 Classification of Anti-Fading Measures.................................................................... 68
5.1.3 Evaluation on Anti-Fading Measures ....................................................................... 69
5.2 Adaptive Equalization ......................................................................................................... 70
5.2.1 AFE .......................................................................................................................... 70
5.2.2 ATE .......................................................................................................................... 72
5.3 Cross-Polarization Interference Counteracter (XPIC) ........................................................ 73
5.4 Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC)........................................................................ 74
5.5 Diversity Reception............................................................................................................. 76
5.5.1 Classification of Diversity Reception........................................................................ 76
5.5.2 Description of Space Diversity ................................................................................. 78
5.5.3 Compound Mode of Diversity Signals...................................................................... 80
5.6 Microwave Equipment Protection Mode ............................................................................. 81
5.6.1 HSM ......................................................................................................................... 81
5.6.2 HSB .......................................................................................................................... 82
5.6.3 Classification of Digital Microwave Equipment Protection Modes ........................... 83
5.7 Interference and Main Methods against Interference......................................................... 85
5.7.1 Interference Source.................................................................................................. 85
5.7.2 Basic Methods of Communication System against Interference ............................. 85
5.8 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 87
Chapter 6 Digital Microwave Engineering Calculation ............................................................... 87
6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 87
6.2 Microwave Path Parameter Calculation ............................................................................. 87
6.2.1 Microwave Station Antenna Communication Azimuth Calculation .......................... 87
6.2.2 Calculation of Path Distance.................................................................................... 89
6.2.3 Calculation of Elevation and Minus Angles.............................................................. 89
6.2.4 Calculation of Clearance.......................................................................................... 90
6.2.5 Calculation of Reflection Point ................................................................................. 91
6.2.6 Determining Antenna Gain....................................................................................... 91
6.3 Calculation of Microwave Circuit Index............................................................................... 92
6.3.1 Calculation of Receiving Level and Flat Fading Margin........................................... 92
6.3.2 Calculation of Interference Level.............................................................................. 92
6.3.3 Calculation of Diversity Receiving Parameter.......................................................... 94
6.3.4 Calculation of Circuit Interruption Rate .................................................................... 97
6.3.5 Rain Fading............................................................................................................ 102
6.3.6 Gas Absorption....................................................................................................... 104
6.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 105
Chapter 7 Microwave Engineering Design Requirement ......................................................... 105
7.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 105
Digital Microwave Communication Principles V1.0
Confidentiality Level:
Internal Use Only
2007-4-4 Huawei confidential, no disclosure without permission Page 5 of 144 pages
7.2 Basic Requirement of Microwave Path and Cross-section Design .................................. 106
7.2.1 Cross Section and Station Distance ...................................................................... 106
7.2.2 Clearance Standard ............................................................................................... 107
7.2.3 Antenna Height and Space Diversity Distance ...................................................... 108
7.3 Selecting Microwave Band and Configuring Polarization................................................. 109
7.3.1 Selecting Microwave Band..................................................................................... 109
7.3.2 Arrangement of Microwave Frequency and Polarization ....................................... 110
7.4 Technical Requirement of Digital Microwave Relay Communication Engineering Design113
7.4.1 PDH Microwave Engineering Design Technical Requirement............................... 113
7.4.2 SDH Microwave Engineering Design Technical Requirement............................... 116
7.4.3 Access Network Technical Requirement—26 GHz Local Multiple-point Distribution
System (LMDS)............................................................................................................... 118
7.4.4 Access Network Technical Requirement—3.5 GHz Fixed Radio Access ............. 119
7.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 120
Chapter 8 Microwave Engineering Design ................................................................................ 120
8.1 Design Method.................................................................................................................. 120
8.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 120
8.1.2 Route, Site and Antenna Height............................................................................. 121
8.1.3 Frequency Selection and Polarization Arrangement.............................................. 123
8.1.4 Circuit Performance Estimate ................................................................................ 124
8.2 Design Example................................................................................................................ 125
8.2.1 SDH Microwave Circuit .......................................................................................... 125
8.2.2 SDH Microwave Site Type and Polarization Configuration.................................... 135
8.2.3 Calculation of PDH Microwave Circuit Indexes...................................................... 139
8.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 142
Chapter 9 Precautions in Engineering Design.......................................................................... 142
9.1 Equipment Layout............................................................................................................. 142
9.2 Installation of Microwave Antenna.................................................................................... 143
9.3 Process Requirement for the Tower................................................................................. 143
9.3.1 Process Requirement of New Established Tower.................................................. 143
9.3.2 Orientation Requirement of Newly Established Tower .......................................... 144
9.3.3 Requirement for Old Tower to be used.................................................................. 144
9.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 144
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Chapter 1 Microwave Communication Overview.......................................................................... 7
1.1 Basic Concepts of Digital Microwave ................................................................................... 7
1.2 Microwave Development Course.......................................................................................... 8
1.2.1 Microwave Evolution in the World.............................................................................. 8
1.2.2 Microwave Evolution in China.................................................................................... 9
1.3 Characteristics of Digital Radio Communication System ................................................... 10
1.4 Challenges and Opportunities for Digital Microwave Communication................................ 11
1.4.1 Optical Fiber Communication—Biggest Challenge for Digital Microwave
Communication ................................................................................................................. 11
1.4.2 Opportunities for Digital Microwave Communication ............................................... 12
1.5 Microwave Frequency Band Choice and RF Channel Arrangements................................ 14
1.6 Digital Microwave Communication System Model.............................................................. 16
1.6.1 Modulation Method of Digital Microwave ................................................................. 16
1.6.2 Channel Utilization of Each Modulation ................................................................... 18
1.7 Digital Microwave Frame Structure..................................................................................... 19
1.8 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 21
Chapter 2 Introduction to Digital Microwave Equipment ........................................................... 21
2.1 Digital Microwave Equipment Classification ....................................................................... 21
2.2 Microwave antenna and feeder .......................................................................................... 23
2.2.1 Microwave antenna .................................................................................................. 23
2.2.2 Classification of Microwave Antennas ..................................................................... 26
2.2.3 Feeder System......................................................................................................... 26
2.2.4 Branching System .................................................................................................... 27
2.3 Outdoor unit (ODU)............................................................................................................. 28
2.3.1 Constituents of Digital Microwave Transmitter and Major Performance Indexes .... 29
2.3.2 Constituents and Major Indexes of Receiver ........................................................... 31
2.4 Indoor Unit .......................................................................................................................... 33
2.5 Installation and Adjustment of Split Microwave System ..................................................... 34
2.6 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 36
Chapter 3 Microwave System Networking and Application....................................................... 36
3.1 Microwave System Typical Networking Modes and Station Types.................................... 36
3.1.1 Typical Networking Modes....................................................................................... 36
3.1.2 Microwave Station Types ......................................................................................... 37
3.2 Relay Station....................................................................................................................... 38
3.2.1 Passive Relay Station .............................................................................................. 38
3.2.2 Active Relay Station ................................................................................................. 42
3.3 Digital Microwave Application ............................................................................................. 43
3.4 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 45
Chapter 4 Microwave Propagation Theory .................................................................................. 45
4.1 Electric Wave Propagation in Free Space.......................................................................... 45
4.1.1 Free Space............................................................................................................... 45
4.1.2 Propagation Loss of Electric Waves in Free Space................................................. 45
4.2 Influence of Ground Reflection on the Electric Wave Propagation .................................... 46
4.2.1 Concept of Fresnel Zone.......................................................................................... 46
4.2.2 Influence of Ground Reflection on Receiving Level ................................................. 48
4.3 Influence of Troposphere on Electric Wave........................................................................ 54
4.3.1 Ray Bend in Atmosphere ......................................................................................... 55
4.3.2 Concept of Equivalent Earth Radius ........................................................................ 56
4.3.3 Refraction can be classified into three categories based on the K value ................ 56
Digital Microwave Communication Principles V1.0
Confidentiality Level:
Internal Use Only
2007-4-4 Huawei confidential, no disclosure without permission Page 4 of 144 pages
4.3.4 The Meaning of K Value in Engineering Design ...................................................... 57
4.4 Fading caused by Several Atmospheric and Earth Effects ................................................ 58
4.4.1 Fading Types............................................................................................................ 58
4.4.2 Influence of Troposphere on Electric Wave Propagation ........................................ 59
4.4.3 Fading Rules (microwave frequency bands lower than 10 GHz)............................. 61
4.5 Frequency Selective Fading ............................................................................................... 62
4.5.1 Multi-path Propagation of Electric Waves ................................................................ 62
4.5.2 Influence of Frequency Selective Fading on Transmission Quality of Microwave
Communication Systems .................................................................................................. 63
4.6 Statistic Feature of Fading.................................................................................................. 64
4.6.1 Microwave Fading Model—Rayleigh Distribution Function ..................................... 64
4.6.2 Engineering Calculation of Rayleigh Fading Probability .......................................... 65
4.7 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 66
Chapter 5 Anti-Fading Technology in Digital Microwave Equipment ....................................... 67
5.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 67
5.1.1 Purposes of Taking Anti-Fading Measures.............................................................. 67
5.1.2 Classification of Anti-Fading Measures.................................................................... 68
5.1.3 Evaluation on Anti-Fading Measures ....................................................................... 69
5.2 Adaptive Equalization ......................................................................................................... 70
5.2.1 AFE .......................................................................................................................... 70
5.2.2 ATE .......................................................................................................................... 72
5.3 Cross-Polarization Interference Counteracter (XPIC) ........................................................ 73
5.4 Automatic Transmit Power Control (ATPC)........................................................................ 74
5.5 Diversity Reception............................................................................................................. 76
5.5.1 Classification of Diversity Reception........................................................................ 76
5.5.2 Description of Space Diversity ................................................................................. 78
5.5.3 Compound Mode of Diversity Signals...................................................................... 80
5.6 Microwave Equipment Protection Mode ............................................................................. 81
5.6.1 HSM ......................................................................................................................... 81
5.6.2 HSB .......................................................................................................................... 82
5.6.3 Classification of Digital Microwave Equipment Protection Modes ........................... 83
5.7 Interference and Main Methods against Interference......................................................... 85
5.7.1 Interference Source.................................................................................................. 85
5.7.2 Basic Methods of Communication System against Interference ............................. 85
5.8 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................... 87
Chapter 6 Digital Microwave Engineering Calculation ............................................................... 87
6.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 87
6.2 Microwave Path Parameter Calculation ............................................................................. 87
6.2.1 Microwave Station Antenna Communication Azimuth Calculation .......................... 87
6.2.2 Calculation of Path Distance.................................................................................... 89
6.2.3 Calculation of Elevation and Minus Angles.............................................................. 89
6.2.4 Calculation of Clearance.......................................................................................... 90
6.2.5 Calculation of Reflection Point ................................................................................. 91
6.2.6 Determining Antenna Gain....................................................................................... 91
6.3 Calculation of Microwave Circuit Index............................................................................... 92
6.3.1 Calculation of Receiving Level and Flat Fading Margin........................................... 92
6.3.2 Calculation of Interference Level.............................................................................. 92
6.3.3 Calculation of Diversity Receiving Parameter.......................................................... 94
6.3.4 Calculation of Circuit Interruption Rate .................................................................... 97
6.3.5 Rain Fading............................................................................................................ 102
6.3.6 Gas Absorption....................................................................................................... 104
6.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 105
Chapter 7 Microwave Engineering Design Requirement ......................................................... 105
7.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 105
Digital Microwave Communication Principles V1.0
Confidentiality Level:
Internal Use Only
2007-4-4 Huawei confidential, no disclosure without permission Page 5 of 144 pages
7.2 Basic Requirement of Microwave Path and Cross-section Design .................................. 106
7.2.1 Cross Section and Station Distance ...................................................................... 106
7.2.2 Clearance Standard ............................................................................................... 107
7.2.3 Antenna Height and Space Diversity Distance ...................................................... 108
7.3 Selecting Microwave Band and Configuring Polarization................................................. 109
7.3.1 Selecting Microwave Band..................................................................................... 109
7.3.2 Arrangement of Microwave Frequency and Polarization ....................................... 110
7.4 Technical Requirement of Digital Microwave Relay Communication Engineering Design113
7.4.1 PDH Microwave Engineering Design Technical Requirement............................... 113
7.4.2 SDH Microwave Engineering Design Technical Requirement............................... 116
7.4.3 Access Network Technical Requirement—26 GHz Local Multiple-point Distribution
System (LMDS)............................................................................................................... 118
7.4.4 Access Network Technical Requirement—3.5 GHz Fixed Radio Access ............. 119
7.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 120
Chapter 8 Microwave Engineering Design ................................................................................ 120
8.1 Design Method.................................................................................................................. 120
8.1.1 Overview ................................................................................................................ 120
8.1.2 Route, Site and Antenna Height............................................................................. 121
8.1.3 Frequency Selection and Polarization Arrangement.............................................. 123
8.1.4 Circuit Performance Estimate ................................................................................ 124
8.2 Design Example................................................................................................................ 125
8.2.1 SDH Microwave Circuit .......................................................................................... 125
8.2.2 SDH Microwave Site Type and Polarization Configuration.................................... 135
8.2.3 Calculation of PDH Microwave Circuit Indexes...................................................... 139
8.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 142
Chapter 9 Precautions in Engineering Design.......................................................................... 142
9.1 Equipment Layout............................................................................................................. 142
9.2 Installation of Microwave Antenna.................................................................................... 143
9.3 Process Requirement for the Tower................................................................................. 143
9.3.1 Process Requirement of New Established Tower.................................................. 143
9.3.2 Orientation Requirement of Newly Established Tower .......................................... 144
9.3.3 Requirement for Old Tower to be used.................................................................. 144
9.4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 144
http://www.4shared.com/file/230131879/78523ebe/Digital_Microwave_Communicatio.html
pass: qwerty
"Reputation" and "Thanks" are welcome:)