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2015-11-26, 11:18 PM
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Contents
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Standards, Protocols, and Functions 1
1.1 LTE Standards and Standard Roadmap 2
1.2 LTE Radio Access Network Architecture 9
1.3 Network Elements and Functions 10
1.3.1 The eNodeB (eNB) 11
1.3.2 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 12
1.3.3 Serving Gateway (S-GW) 12
1.3.4 Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW) 13
1.3.5 Interfaces and Reference Points 13
1.4 Area and Subscriber Identities 17
1.4.1 Domains and Strati 17
1.4.2 IMSI 19
1.4.3 LMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, M-TMSI, and S-TMSI 20
1.4.4 GUTI 20
1.4.5 IMEI 21
1.4.6 RNTI 22
1.4.7 Location Area, Routing Area, Service Area, Tracking Area,
Cell Global Identity 24
1.4.8 Mapping between Temporary and Area Identities for EUTRANand UTRAN/GERAN-Based Systems 26
1.4.9 GSM Base Station Identification 27
1.4.10 UTRA Base Station Identification 28
1.4.11 Numbering, Addressing, and Identification in the Session
Initiation Protocol 29
1.4.12 Access Point Name 29
1.5 User Equipment 30
1.5.1 UE Categories 31
1.6 QoS Architecture 31
1.7 LTE Security 33
1.8 Radio Interface Basics 38
1.8.1 Duplex Methods 40
1.8.2 Multiple Access Methods 42
1.8.3 OFDM Principles and Modulation 45
1.8.4 Multiple Access in OFDM – OFDMA 48
viii Contents
1.8.5 Resource Blocks 50
1.8.6 Downlink Slot Structure 51
1.8.7 OFDM Scheduling on LTE DL 56
1.8.8 SC-FDMA Principles and Modulation 60
1.8.9 Scheduling on LTE UL 62
1.8.10 Uplink Slot Structure 63
1.8.11 Link Adaptation in LTE 66
1.8.12 Physical Channels in LTE 68
1.8.13 Transport Channels in LTE 78
1.8.14 Channel Mapping and Multiplexing 79
1.8.15 Initial UE Radio Access 80
1.8.16 UE Random Access 81
1.9 LTE Network Protocol Architecture 85
1.9.1 Uu – Control/User Plane 85
1.9.2 S1 – Control/User Plane 86
1.9.3 X2 – User/Control Plane 87
1.9.4 S6a – Control Plane 87
1.9.5 S3/S4/S5/S8/S10/S11 – Control Plane/User Plane 88
1.10 Protocol Functions, Encoding, Basic Messages, and Information Elements 88
1.10.1 Ethernet 88
1.10.2 Internet Protocol (IPv4/IPv6) 89
1.10.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) 93
1.10.4 Radio Interface Layer 2 Protocols 94
1.10.5 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol 95
1.10.6 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol 98
1.10.7 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 101
1.10.8 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol 104
1.10.9 Non-Access Stratum (NAS) Protocol 110
1.10.10 S1 Application Part (S1AP) 111
1.10.11 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 115
1.10.12 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) 115
1.10.13 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 122
1.10.14 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 125
1.10.15 DIAMETER on EPC Interfaces 126
2 E-UTRAN/EPC Signaling 131
2.1 S1 Setup 131
2.1.1 S1 Setup: Message Flow 131
2.1.2 S1 Setup: Failure Analysis 133
2.2 Initial Attach 135
2.2.1 Procedure 135
2.3 UE Context Release Requested by eNodeB 149
2.3.1 Procedure 150
2.4 UE Service Request 152
2.4.1 Procedure 152
2.5 Dedicated Bearer Setup 156
2.6 Inter-eNodeB Handover over X2 157
2.6.1 Procedure 158
2.7 S1 Handover 167
2.7.1 Procedure 170
Contents ix
2.8 Dedicated Bearer Release 179
2.9 Detach 180
2.9.1 Procedure 181
2.10 Failure Cases in E-UTRAN and EPC 183
3 Radio Interface Signaling Procedures 187
3.1 RRC Connection Setup, Attach, and Default Bearer Setup 188
3.1.1 Random Access and RRC Connection Setup Procedure 188
3.1.2 RRC Connection Reconfiguration and Default Bearer Setup 196
3.1.3 RRC Connection Release 205
3.2 Failure Cases 205
4 Key Performance Indicators and Measurements for LTE Radio
Network Optimization 209
4.1 Monitoring Solutions for LTE Interfaces 209
4.1.1 Monitoring the Air Interface (Uu) 209
4.1.2 Antenna-Based Monitoring 210
4.1.3 Coax-Based Monitoring 212
4.1.4 CPRI-Based Monitoring 212
4.1.5 Monitoring the E-UTRAN Line Interface 214
4.2 Monitoring the Scheduler Efficiency 218
4.2.1 UL and DL Scheduling Resources 223
4.2.2 X2 Load Indication 224
4.2.3 The eNodeB Layer 2 Measurements 226
4.3 Radio Quality Measurements 227
4.3.1 UE Measurements 230
4.3.2 The eNodeB Physical Layer Measurements 234
4.3.3 Radio Interface Tester Measurements 238
4.3.4 I/Q Constellation Diagrams 238
4.3.5 EVM/Modulation Error Ratio 241
4.4 Control Plane Performance Counters and Delay Measurements 242
4.4.1 Network Accessibility 243
4.4.2 Network Retainability 252
4.4.3 Mobility (Handover) 254
4.5 User Plane KPIs 258
4.5.1 IP Throughput 258
4.5.2 Application Throughput 260
4.5.3 TCP Startup KPIs 263
4.5.4 TCP Round-Trip Time 264
4.5.5 Packet Jitter 264
4.5.6 Packet Delay and Packet Loss on a Hop-to-Hop Basis 265
Acronyms 267
Bibliography 275
Index 277
Contents
Foreword xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1 Standards, Protocols, and Functions 1
1.1 LTE Standards and Standard Roadmap 2
1.2 LTE Radio Access Network Architecture 9
1.3 Network Elements and Functions 10
1.3.1 The eNodeB (eNB) 11
1.3.2 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 12
1.3.3 Serving Gateway (S-GW) 12
1.3.4 Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN-GW) 13
1.3.5 Interfaces and Reference Points 13
1.4 Area and Subscriber Identities 17
1.4.1 Domains and Strati 17
1.4.2 IMSI 19
1.4.3 LMSI, TMSI, P-TMSI, M-TMSI, and S-TMSI 20
1.4.4 GUTI 20
1.4.5 IMEI 21
1.4.6 RNTI 22
1.4.7 Location Area, Routing Area, Service Area, Tracking Area,
Cell Global Identity 24
1.4.8 Mapping between Temporary and Area Identities for EUTRANand UTRAN/GERAN-Based Systems 26
1.4.9 GSM Base Station Identification 27
1.4.10 UTRA Base Station Identification 28
1.4.11 Numbering, Addressing, and Identification in the Session
Initiation Protocol 29
1.4.12 Access Point Name 29
1.5 User Equipment 30
1.5.1 UE Categories 31
1.6 QoS Architecture 31
1.7 LTE Security 33
1.8 Radio Interface Basics 38
1.8.1 Duplex Methods 40
1.8.2 Multiple Access Methods 42
1.8.3 OFDM Principles and Modulation 45
1.8.4 Multiple Access in OFDM – OFDMA 48
viii Contents
1.8.5 Resource Blocks 50
1.8.6 Downlink Slot Structure 51
1.8.7 OFDM Scheduling on LTE DL 56
1.8.8 SC-FDMA Principles and Modulation 60
1.8.9 Scheduling on LTE UL 62
1.8.10 Uplink Slot Structure 63
1.8.11 Link Adaptation in LTE 66
1.8.12 Physical Channels in LTE 68
1.8.13 Transport Channels in LTE 78
1.8.14 Channel Mapping and Multiplexing 79
1.8.15 Initial UE Radio Access 80
1.8.16 UE Random Access 81
1.9 LTE Network Protocol Architecture 85
1.9.1 Uu – Control/User Plane 85
1.9.2 S1 – Control/User Plane 86
1.9.3 X2 – User/Control Plane 87
1.9.4 S6a – Control Plane 87
1.9.5 S3/S4/S5/S8/S10/S11 – Control Plane/User Plane 88
1.10 Protocol Functions, Encoding, Basic Messages, and Information Elements 88
1.10.1 Ethernet 88
1.10.2 Internet Protocol (IPv4/IPv6) 89
1.10.3 Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) 93
1.10.4 Radio Interface Layer 2 Protocols 94
1.10.5 Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol 95
1.10.6 Radio Link Control (RLC) Protocol 98
1.10.7 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 101
1.10.8 Radio Resource Control (RRC) Protocol 104
1.10.9 Non-Access Stratum (NAS) Protocol 110
1.10.10 S1 Application Part (S1AP) 111
1.10.11 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 115
1.10.12 GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) 115
1.10.13 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 122
1.10.14 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 125
1.10.15 DIAMETER on EPC Interfaces 126
2 E-UTRAN/EPC Signaling 131
2.1 S1 Setup 131
2.1.1 S1 Setup: Message Flow 131
2.1.2 S1 Setup: Failure Analysis 133
2.2 Initial Attach 135
2.2.1 Procedure 135
2.3 UE Context Release Requested by eNodeB 149
2.3.1 Procedure 150
2.4 UE Service Request 152
2.4.1 Procedure 152
2.5 Dedicated Bearer Setup 156
2.6 Inter-eNodeB Handover over X2 157
2.6.1 Procedure 158
2.7 S1 Handover 167
2.7.1 Procedure 170
Contents ix
2.8 Dedicated Bearer Release 179
2.9 Detach 180
2.9.1 Procedure 181
2.10 Failure Cases in E-UTRAN and EPC 183
3 Radio Interface Signaling Procedures 187
3.1 RRC Connection Setup, Attach, and Default Bearer Setup 188
3.1.1 Random Access and RRC Connection Setup Procedure 188
3.1.2 RRC Connection Reconfiguration and Default Bearer Setup 196
3.1.3 RRC Connection Release 205
3.2 Failure Cases 205
4 Key Performance Indicators and Measurements for LTE Radio
Network Optimization 209
4.1 Monitoring Solutions for LTE Interfaces 209
4.1.1 Monitoring the Air Interface (Uu) 209
4.1.2 Antenna-Based Monitoring 210
4.1.3 Coax-Based Monitoring 212
4.1.4 CPRI-Based Monitoring 212
4.1.5 Monitoring the E-UTRAN Line Interface 214
4.2 Monitoring the Scheduler Efficiency 218
4.2.1 UL and DL Scheduling Resources 223
4.2.2 X2 Load Indication 224
4.2.3 The eNodeB Layer 2 Measurements 226
4.3 Radio Quality Measurements 227
4.3.1 UE Measurements 230
4.3.2 The eNodeB Physical Layer Measurements 234
4.3.3 Radio Interface Tester Measurements 238
4.3.4 I/Q Constellation Diagrams 238
4.3.5 EVM/Modulation Error Ratio 241
4.4 Control Plane Performance Counters and Delay Measurements 242
4.4.1 Network Accessibility 243
4.4.2 Network Retainability 252
4.4.3 Mobility (Handover) 254
4.5 User Plane KPIs 258
4.5.1 IP Throughput 258
4.5.2 Application Throughput 260
4.5.3 TCP Startup KPIs 263
4.5.4 TCP Round-Trip Time 264
4.5.5 Packet Jitter 264
4.5.6 Packet Delay and Packet Loss on a Hop-to-Hop Basis 265
Acronyms 267
Bibliography 275
Index 277