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2012-10-30, 04:06 PM
Location Management and Routing in Mobile
Publication Date: May 2003 | ISBN-10: 1580533558 | ISBN-13: 978-1580533553
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Part I: Cellular Networks
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Mobile Wireless Networks 5
1.2 Cellular Networks 6
1.2.1 Cellular Network Standards 7
1.2.2 Cellular Architecture 8
1.2.3 Medium Access 9
1.3 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 10
1.4 Location Management 11
1.4.1 Location Updating and Paging 11
1.4.2 Mobility Models 12
1.4.3 Location Tracking 13
1.4.4 Radio Resource Management 13
1.5 Wireless Routing Techniques 13
References 15
v
2 Mobility Issues 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Mobility Models 18
2.2.1 Fluid Flow Model 18
2.2.2 Diffusion Model 22
2.2.3 Gravity Model 22
2.2.4 Random Walk Model 23
2.3 Mobility in 3G Systems 26
2.3.1 Metropolitan Mobility 26
2.3.2 National Mobility Model 28
2.3.3 International Mobility Model 29
References 29
3 Radio Resource Management 31
3.1 Radio Propagation 32
3.1.1 Path Loss 33
3.1.2 Shadowing Effects 35
3.1.3 Reciprocity 35
3.1.4 Indoor Wireless 37
3.2 Radio Resource (Spectrum Allocation) 37
3.2.1 Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocation 38
3.2.2 International Allocations 38
3.2.3 Financing for Spectrum Management 39
3.2.4 Spectrum Monitoring and Enforcement 39
3.2.5 GSM Frequencies 41
3.2.6 IMT-2000 (Third-Generation) Core Frequency Band 41
3.2.7 IMT-2000 (Third-Generation) Extension Bands 42
3.3 RRM 43
3.3.1 RRM Problem 43
3.3.2 Channel Allocation and Assignment 46
3.3.3 Schemes for CA 47
3.3.4 Transmitter Power Control 50
3.4 Handoff Process 52
3.4.1 Network-Controlled Handoff (Hard Handoff) 52
vi Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks
3.4.2 Mobile-Controlled Handoff (Soft Handoff) 53
3.4.3 Handoff Prioritizing Schemes 55
3.5 Managing Resource Allocation 55
3.5.1 CAC 56
3.5.2 QoS 58
3.6 Emerging RRM Techniques 60
3.6.1 Cell Partitioning 60
3.6.2 Multilayered Architecture 61
3.6.3 Software Radio 61
3.7 Integrated RRM 63
3.8 Summary 65
References 67
4 Location Management 69
4.1 Location Update 71
4.1.1 Location Update Static Strategies 72
4.1.2 Location Update Dynamic Strategies 72
4.2 Paging 75
4.2.1 Blanket Paging 75
4.2.2 Different Paging Procedures 77
4.3 Intelligent Paging Scheme 78
4.3.1 Sequential Intelligent Paging 81
4.3.2 PSIP 82
4.3.3 Comparison of Paging Costs 83
4.4 More Paging Schemes 84
4.4.1 Reverse Paging 85
4.4.2 Semireverse Paging 86
4.4.3 Uniform Paging 86
4.5 Intersystem Paging 87
4.6 IP Micromobility and Paging 88
4.7 Location Management 89
4.7.1 Without Location Management 90
4.7.2 Manual Registration in Location Management 90
Contents vii
4.7.3 Automatic Location Management Using LA 91
4.7.4 Memoryless-Based Location Management Methods 91
4.7.5 Memory-Based Location Management Methods 92
4.7.6 Location Management in Next-Generation Systems 93
4.8 LA Planning 97
4.8.1 Two-Step Approach 97
4.8.2 LA Planning and Signaling Requirements 107
4.9 Conclusion 109
References 109
Part II: Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
5 Overview 117
5.1 Characteristics of Ad Hoc Networks 117
5.2 Three Fundamental Design Choices 118
5.2.1 Flat Versus Hierarchical Architecture 119
5.2.2 Proactive Versus Reactive Routing 120
5.2.3 Medium Access Protocol 121
References 123
6 MAC Techniques in Ad Hoc Networks 125
6.1 MAC Protocols with Omnidirectional Antennas 125
6.2 MAC Protocols with Directional Antennas 128
6.3 Discussions 132
References 133
7 Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 135
7.1 Introduction 135
7.2 Unicast Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks 138
7.2.1 Proactive Routing Protocols 138
7.2.2 Reactive Routing Protocols 142
7.2.3 A Mobile Agent-Based Protocol for Topology
Discovery and Routing 154
7.2.4 Power-Aware Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks 158
viii Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks
7.2.5 Other Routing Protocols 163
7.3 Multicast Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks 165
7.4 Performance Comparisons of Unicast and
Multicast Routing Protocols 168
7.4.1 Performance Comparisons of
Major Unicast Routing Protocols 168
7.4.2 Performance Comparisons of
Major Multicast Routing Protocols 170
7.5 Discussion 170
References 172
Part III: Future Issues
8 Routing in Next-Generation Wireless Networks 179
8.1 UMTS All-IP Networks 179
8.2 Routing in Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks 182
8.2.1 Introduction 182
8.2.2 Sensor Networks 182
8.2.3 Topology Maintenance and Sensor Deployment 183
8.2.4 Routing 184
8.3 Pervasive Routing 186
References 189
9 Conclusion 191
List of Acronyms 195
About the Authors 203
Index 205
Contents ix
.
Publication Date: May 2003 | ISBN-10: 1580533558 | ISBN-13: 978-1580533553
Contents
Preface xi
Acknowledgments xv
Part I: Cellular Networks
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Mobile Wireless Networks 5
1.2 Cellular Networks 6
1.2.1 Cellular Network Standards 7
1.2.2 Cellular Architecture 8
1.2.3 Medium Access 9
1.3 Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 10
1.4 Location Management 11
1.4.1 Location Updating and Paging 11
1.4.2 Mobility Models 12
1.4.3 Location Tracking 13
1.4.4 Radio Resource Management 13
1.5 Wireless Routing Techniques 13
References 15
v
2 Mobility Issues 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Mobility Models 18
2.2.1 Fluid Flow Model 18
2.2.2 Diffusion Model 22
2.2.3 Gravity Model 22
2.2.4 Random Walk Model 23
2.3 Mobility in 3G Systems 26
2.3.1 Metropolitan Mobility 26
2.3.2 National Mobility Model 28
2.3.3 International Mobility Model 29
References 29
3 Radio Resource Management 31
3.1 Radio Propagation 32
3.1.1 Path Loss 33
3.1.2 Shadowing Effects 35
3.1.3 Reciprocity 35
3.1.4 Indoor Wireless 37
3.2 Radio Resource (Spectrum Allocation) 37
3.2.1 Radio Frequency Spectrum Allocation 38
3.2.2 International Allocations 38
3.2.3 Financing for Spectrum Management 39
3.2.4 Spectrum Monitoring and Enforcement 39
3.2.5 GSM Frequencies 41
3.2.6 IMT-2000 (Third-Generation) Core Frequency Band 41
3.2.7 IMT-2000 (Third-Generation) Extension Bands 42
3.3 RRM 43
3.3.1 RRM Problem 43
3.3.2 Channel Allocation and Assignment 46
3.3.3 Schemes for CA 47
3.3.4 Transmitter Power Control 50
3.4 Handoff Process 52
3.4.1 Network-Controlled Handoff (Hard Handoff) 52
vi Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks
3.4.2 Mobile-Controlled Handoff (Soft Handoff) 53
3.4.3 Handoff Prioritizing Schemes 55
3.5 Managing Resource Allocation 55
3.5.1 CAC 56
3.5.2 QoS 58
3.6 Emerging RRM Techniques 60
3.6.1 Cell Partitioning 60
3.6.2 Multilayered Architecture 61
3.6.3 Software Radio 61
3.7 Integrated RRM 63
3.8 Summary 65
References 67
4 Location Management 69
4.1 Location Update 71
4.1.1 Location Update Static Strategies 72
4.1.2 Location Update Dynamic Strategies 72
4.2 Paging 75
4.2.1 Blanket Paging 75
4.2.2 Different Paging Procedures 77
4.3 Intelligent Paging Scheme 78
4.3.1 Sequential Intelligent Paging 81
4.3.2 PSIP 82
4.3.3 Comparison of Paging Costs 83
4.4 More Paging Schemes 84
4.4.1 Reverse Paging 85
4.4.2 Semireverse Paging 86
4.4.3 Uniform Paging 86
4.5 Intersystem Paging 87
4.6 IP Micromobility and Paging 88
4.7 Location Management 89
4.7.1 Without Location Management 90
4.7.2 Manual Registration in Location Management 90
Contents vii
4.7.3 Automatic Location Management Using LA 91
4.7.4 Memoryless-Based Location Management Methods 91
4.7.5 Memory-Based Location Management Methods 92
4.7.6 Location Management in Next-Generation Systems 93
4.8 LA Planning 97
4.8.1 Two-Step Approach 97
4.8.2 LA Planning and Signaling Requirements 107
4.9 Conclusion 109
References 109
Part II: Ad Hoc Wireless Networks
5 Overview 117
5.1 Characteristics of Ad Hoc Networks 117
5.2 Three Fundamental Design Choices 118
5.2.1 Flat Versus Hierarchical Architecture 119
5.2.2 Proactive Versus Reactive Routing 120
5.2.3 Medium Access Protocol 121
References 123
6 MAC Techniques in Ad Hoc Networks 125
6.1 MAC Protocols with Omnidirectional Antennas 125
6.2 MAC Protocols with Directional Antennas 128
6.3 Discussions 132
References 133
7 Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 135
7.1 Introduction 135
7.2 Unicast Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks 138
7.2.1 Proactive Routing Protocols 138
7.2.2 Reactive Routing Protocols 142
7.2.3 A Mobile Agent-Based Protocol for Topology
Discovery and Routing 154
7.2.4 Power-Aware Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks 158
viii Location Management and Routing in Mobile Wireless Networks
7.2.5 Other Routing Protocols 163
7.3 Multicast Routing Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks 165
7.4 Performance Comparisons of Unicast and
Multicast Routing Protocols 168
7.4.1 Performance Comparisons of
Major Unicast Routing Protocols 168
7.4.2 Performance Comparisons of
Major Multicast Routing Protocols 170
7.5 Discussion 170
References 172
Part III: Future Issues
8 Routing in Next-Generation Wireless Networks 179
8.1 UMTS All-IP Networks 179
8.2 Routing in Distributed Wireless Sensor Networks 182
8.2.1 Introduction 182
8.2.2 Sensor Networks 182
8.2.3 Topology Maintenance and Sensor Deployment 183
8.2.4 Routing 184
8.3 Pervasive Routing 186
References 189
9 Conclusion 191
List of Acronyms 195
About the Authors 203
Index 205
Contents ix
.