rfworld
2012-10-27, 10:08 PM
Convergence Technologies for 3G Networks IP, UMTS, EGPRS and ATM
Jeffrey Bannister, Paul Mather and Sebastian Coope
Publication Date: February 23, 2004 | ISBN-10: 047086091X | ISBN-13: 978-0470860915 | Edition: 1
Contents
About the Authors xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background to Convergence 1
1.2 Third Generation (3G) 2
1.3 Why UMTS? 3
1.4 IMT2000 Process 4
1.5 Organization of the Book 8
2 Principles of Communications 11
2.1 Circuit- and Packet Switched Data 11
2.1.1 Datagram Approach 12
2.1.2 Virtual Circuits 12
2.2 Analogue and Digital Communications 14
2.2.1 Representing Analogue Signals in Digital Format 14
2.3 Voice and Video Transmission 15
2.3.1 Sampling 15
2.3.2 Coding and CODECs 16
2.3.3 Pulse Code Modulation 19
2.3.4 Compression 19
2.3.5 Comfort Noise Generation and Activity Detection 20
2.3.6 Packetization Delay 20
2.3.7 Erlang and Network Capacity 21
2.3.8 Voice over IP (VoIP) 21
2.3.9 Quality of Service 22
vi CONTENTS
2.4 Multiple Access 23
2.5 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 23
2.6 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 24
2.7 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 26
2.7.1 DS-CDMA Signal Spreading 27
2.7.2 Orthogonal Codes and Signal Separation 31
2.7.3 PN Sequences 33
2.8 Multipath Propagation and Diversity 35
2.8.1 Soft Handover 38
2.8.2 Fading and Power Control 38
2.9 Protecting the Data 39
2.9.1 Convolution Coding 40
2.9.2 Interleaving 41
2.10 Summary 42
3 GSM Fundamentals 43
3.1 General Architecture 44
3.2 Mobility Management 49
3.3 GSM Air Interface 52
3.3.1 GSM Multiframes 55
3.3.2 Traffic Channel Multiframe 56
3.3.3 Control Channel Multiframe 58
3.3.4 Frames, Multiframes, Superframes and Hyperframes 60
3.4 Timing Advance 63
3.5 Initial Connection Procedure 63
3.6 Protocols and Signalling 65
3.7 GSM and Signalling System 7 68
3.7.1 Signalling Points 69
3.7.2 Protocol Stack for SS7 Signalling over MTP 70
3.7.3 Address Translation 73
3.7.4 Example of Routing of a Call to a Mobile Subscriber 73
3.7.5 Example of Routing of an SMS Message to a
Mobile Subscriber 75
3.8 Summary 76
4 General Packet Radio Service 79
4.1 Introduction to GPRS 79
4.2 General Architecture 81
4.3 GPRS Network Elements 82
4.3.1 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 82
4.3.2 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 82
4.3.3 Charging Gateway (CG) 83
4.3.4 Lawful Interception Gateway (LIG) 83
4.3.5 Domain Name System (DNS) 83
4.3.6 Border Gateway (BG) 83
CONTENTS vii
4.4 Network Interfaces 84
4.4.1 Network Operation Mode 86
4.5 GPRS Air Interface 86
4.5.1 Resource Sharing 87
4.5.2 Air Interface Coding Schemes 89
4.5.3 Classes of Devices 90
4.5.4 Advantages of GPRS Over the Air 92
4.6 GPRS Protocols 93
4.6.1 Physical and Logical Channels 95
4.6.2 Subnetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) 98
4.6.3 Logical Link Control (LLC) 100
4.6.4 Radio Link Control/Media Access Control (RLC/MAC) 106
4.6.5 GPRS Radio Protocol 117
4.6.6 Layer 1 118
4.7 Gb Interface Protocols 119
4.7.1 Layer 1 Bis 119
4.7.2 Frame Relay 119
4.7.3 Base Station System GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) 120
4.8 GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) 126
4.9 Connection Management 128
4.9.1 Mobility Management 129
4.9.2 Session Management 135
4.9.3 Transparent and Non-transparent Mode 142
4.9.4 Access Point Name (APN) 142
4.9.5 Charging and Billing 145
4.9.6 QoS over the GPRS Network 146
4.10 Connection scenarios 150
4.11 Other Cellular High-Speed Data Technologies 152
4.11.1 High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) 152
4.11.2 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) 152
4.11.3 Modification to RLC/MAC 154
4.11.4 Channel Coding for PDTCH 158
4.11.5 Link Adaptation and Incremental Redundancy 159
4.11.6 Compact EDGE 161
4.11.7 GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) 162
4.12 Summary 165
5 IP Applications for GPRS/UMTS 167
5.1 Introduction 167
5.2 IP Protocol Suite Overview 168
5.2.1 IP Protocol 169
5.2.2 IP Addressing and Routing 170
5.2.3 Address Depletion and CIDR 172
5.2.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 174
5.2.5 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 176
viii CONTENTS
5.2.6 Domain Name Service (DNS) 177
5.2.7 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 178
5.2.8 IP Summary 180
5.3 IP Routing 180
5.3.1 Dynamic Routing Algorithms 182
5.3.2 Distance Vector Routing Protocol 182
5.3.3 Link State Protocols 186
5.3.4 Other Routing Protocols 194
5.3.5 Exterior Routing Protocols 195
5.4 TCP and Congestion Control 197
5.4.1 Slow Start/Congestion Avoidance 197
5.4.2 Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery (RENO TCP) 198
5.4.3 Drop Tail Buffer Management 199
5.4.4 Random Early Detection (RED) 199
5.5 TCP Optimization for the Air 200
5.6 IP for GPRS and UMTS R99 201
5.6.1 Reliability and Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) 203
5.6.2 VRRP Virtual MAC Addresses 206
5.6.3 IP Header Compression 206
5.6.4 IP Address Depletion and GPRS 210
5.6.5 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 210
5.6.6 Network Address Translation (NAT) 211
5.7 IP-based QoS for UMTS Networks 213
5.7.1 QoS Negotiation in UMTS 213
5.7.2 GPRS QoS Parameters 214
5.8 QoS for the GPRS Core Network 215
5.8.1 Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 217
5.8.2 Expedited Forwarding 218
5.8.3 QoS and the Integrated Services (IntServ) 220
5.8.4 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) 221
5.8.5 RSVP for GPRS 224
5.8.6 IntServ versus DiffServ 225
5.9 IP Security 226
5.9.1 Transport Layer Security (TLS) and WAP Security (WTLS) 226
5.9.2 Virtual Private Networks and IP Security (IPSec) 230
5.9.3 Internet Key Exchange (IKE) 236
5.9.4 Security and GPRS 236
5.10 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 237
5.10.1 The IPv6 Header 238
5.10.2 Traffic Classes 239
5.10.3 Flow Labels 240
5.10.4 The Payload Length Field 240
5.10.5 The Next Header Field 240
5.10.6 The Hop Limit 240
5.10.7 The Source Address 241
CONTENTS ix
5.10.8 The Destination Address 241
5.10.9 IPv6 Address Representation 242
5.10.10 The Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 243
5.10.11 Dual IP Layer 243
5.10.12 Tunnelling 244
5.11 Serial Line IP (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 245
5.11.1 LCP Link Establishment 246
5.11.2 PPP Authentication 248
5.11.3 Network Control Protocol (NCP) for IP 249
5.11.4 IP Packet Encapsulation 250
5.11.5 PPP in 3G 250
5.12 Radius Accounting, Authorization and Authentication (AAA) 251
5.12.1 RADIUS Functions 252
5.12.2 RADIUS Authentication and Configuration 252
5.12.3 RADIUS Accounting 253
5.13 Diameter AAA 253
5.13.1 Attribute Value Pairs (AVPs) 254
5.14 Mobile IP 255
5.14.1 Mobile IP Routing 255
5.14.2 Mobile IP Security 257
5.14.3 Route Reverse Tunnelling 257
5.14.4 Route Optimization 257
5.14.5 Mobile IP for IPv6 258
5.14.6 Foreign Agent Handover and Mobile IP 259
5.14.7 Mobile IP for CDMA2000 260
5.14.8 Mobile IP for UMTS 260
5.15 Summary 261
6 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 265
6.1 UMTS Network Architecture 265
6.1.1 WCDMA Base Station (WBTS) 266
6.1.2 Radio Network Controller (RNC) 267
6.1.3 3G Mobile Switching Centre (3G MSC) 267
6.2 Network Evolution 268
6.3 UMTS FDD and TDD 269
6.4 UMTS Bearer Model 270
6.5 UMTS QoS Classes 273
6.6 UTRAN Channels 276
6.6.1 Logical Channels 277
6.6.2 Downlink Transport and Physical Channels 278
6.6.3 Uplink Transport and Physical Channels 279
6.7 Radio Resource Management (RRM) 279
6.7.1 Admission Control 279
6.7.2 Packet Scheduler 281
6.7.3 Load Control 282
x CONTENTS
6.7.4 Handover Control 282
6.7.5 Power Control 286
6.8 WCDMA Physical Layer 288
6.8.1 Physical Layer Procedures 289
6.8.2 Data Protection 289
6.8.3 Radio Frame Segmentation and Rate Matching 291
6.8.4 Spreading 291
6.8.5 Modulation and Transmission 295
6.8.6 Common Channels 296
6.8.7 Dedicated Physical Channels 297
6.9 Initial Connection to Network 300
6.9.1 Synchronization Procedures 300
6.9.2 Slot Synchronization 301
6.9.3 Frame Synchronization 302
6.9.4 Scrambling Code Identification 303
6.9.5 Random Access Procedure 304
6.10 Compressed Mode 305
6.11 Downlink Transmit Diversity Techniques 307
6.11.1 Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) 307
6.11.2 Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD) 307
6.11.3 Site Selection Diversity Transmit (SSDT) 308
6.11.4 Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity 308
6.12 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture 309
6.12.1 Broadcast/Multicast Control (BMC) 311
6.12.2 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 312
6.12.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) 312
6.12.4 Media Access Control (MAC) 316
6.12.5 MAC and Physical Layer Interaction 319
6.13 Adaptive Multirate (AMR) CODEC 323
6.14 Calculated Transport Format Combinations 326
6.15 Use of DSCH 328
6.16 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 328
6.16.1 RRC Mobile States 330
6.16.2 UTRAN UE Identifiers 333
6.16.3 RRC Connection 333
6.16.4 Signalling Radio Bearers 335
6.16.5 RRC Security Mode Control 336
6.16.6 RRC Paging 336
6.16.7 Radio Bearer Establishment 337
6.16.8 Transfer of NAS Messages 339
6.16.9 Cell/URA Update 339
6.16.10 Measurement Reporting 340
6.16.11 Active Set Update 342
6.17 Broadcast System Information 343
6.17.1 Master Information Block (MIB) 345
CONTENTS xi
6.17.2 System Information Block 1 345
6.17.3 System Information Block 2 346
6.17.4 System Information Block 3 347
6.17.5 System Information Block 5 347
6.17.6 System Information Block 7 348
6.17.7 System Information Block 11 348
6.18 Frame Protocols 348
6.18.1 Dedicated User Data on the Iub/Iur Interface 348
6.18.2 User Data on Iub Common Channels 357
6.18.3 User Data on Iur Common Channels 359
6.18.4 User Data on the Iu Interface 363
6.18.5 Control Procedures 367
6.19 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 371
6.19.1 Iub Interface 373
6.19.2 Node B Application Part (NBAP) 374
6.19.3 Iur Interface 376
6.19.4 Radio Network Subsystem Application Part (RNSAP) 377
6.19.5 Iu Interface 379
6.19.6 Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP) 381
6.19.7 Broadband SS7 389
6.20 Mobility Management for Packet Switched Operation 392
6.20.1 PMM-Detached 392
6.20.2 PMM-Idle 392
6.20.3 PMM-Connected 392
6.21 UMTS Security Architecture 393
6.21.1 User Identity Confidentiality 395
6.21.2 Authentication 395
6.21.3 Security Mode Establishment 397
6.21.4 Confidentiality 399
6.22 UMTS Call Life Cycle 401
6.22.1 Signalling Connection Establishment 401
6.22.2 Location Updating 405
6.22.3 Paging 406
6.22.4 Connection Establishment: Circuit Core 407
6.22.5 Handover Control 410
6.22.6 Circuit Call Termination 412
6.22.7 Packet Core Connection 413
6.23 CDMA2000 414
6.23.1 History of Cellular in the USA 415
6.23.2 The TDMA System 417
6.23.3 The CDMA System 417
6.23.4 Evolution Path 417
6.23.5 CDMA2000 1xRTT 418
6.23.6 CDMA2000 1xEV 418
6.23.7 CDMA2000 3xMC 418
xii CONTENTS
6.23.8 CDMA2000 Network Architecture 418
6.23.9 Simple IP and Mobile IP 420
6.23.10 Mobility Management 421
6.24 Time Division-Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) 421
6.25 Summary 422
7 UMTS Transmission Networks 425
7.1 Introduction to RAN Transmission 425
7.2 Introduction to ATM 426
7.3 History and Standards 428
7.3.1 Virtual Circuits and Virtual Paths 429
7.4 The ATM Reference Model 430
7.5 The Physical Layer 432
7.5.1 PMD Sublayer 433
7.5.2 Transmission Convergence (TC) Sublayer 436
7.5.3 Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) 439
7.6 The ATM Layer 440
7.7 The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) 442
7.7.1 AAL1 443
7.7.2 Circuit Emulation Service (CES) 446
7.7.3 AAL2 450
7.7.4 Service-specific convergence sublayer (SSCS) 457
7.7.5 AAL3/4 460
7.7.6 AAL5 461
7.7.7 Summary 462
7.8 Traffic Classes 463
7.9 Traffic Management and Quality of Service 466
7.9.1 Traffic Descriptor 468
7.10 Traffic Shaping 471
7.10.1 Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA) 471
7.10.2 Usage Parameter Control 473
7.11 ABR and Traffic Congestion 474
7.12 Network Management 475
7.12.1 Integrated Local Management Interface (ILMI) 476
7.12.2 Layer Management 476
7.13 ATM Signalling 478
7.13.1 ATM Signalling Protocol Stack 478
7.13.2 Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol (SSCOP) 479
7.13.3 Service-specific Coordination Function (SSCF) 482
7.13.4 ATM Addressing Format 483
7.13.5 UMTS Signalling Transport 485
7.13.6 UNI3.x Signalling 486
7.13.7 Connection Establishment 487
7.13.8 Signalling Message Structure 489
7.13.9 UNI4.0 491
CONTENTS xiii
7.14 Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI) 492
7.14.1 Peer Group 493
7.14.2 AAL2 Signalling 494
7.15 IP/ATM Internetworking 498
7.15.1 Packet Core 499
7.15.2 Data Encapsulation 499
7.15.3 Classical IP over ATM (CLIP) 501
7.15.4 Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) 503
7.15.5 IP Multicast over ATM 504
7.16 Summary 505
8 IP Telephony for UMTS Release 4 509
8.1 Introduction 509
8.2 R4 Softswitch Architecture 510
8.2.1 MSC Server 510
8.2.2 Media Gateway (MGW) 511
8.2.3 Gateway MSC Server (GMSC Server) 511
8.2.4 CS Domain External Interfaces 512
8.2.5 CAMEL 513
8.3 Voice over IP (VoIP) 513
8.3.1 VoIP Call Control 513
8.4 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) 514
8.4.1 RTP at the Nb Interface 514
8.4.2 Source Identifiers 517
8.4.3 Encryption with RTP 518
8.4.4 Redundancy with RTP 518
8.4.5 Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP) 518
8.4.6 RTCP Receiver Report 519
8.4.7 RTCP Sender Report 520
8.4.8 SDES Source Description 521
8.4.9 BYE Goodbye 521
8.4.10 APP Application Defined 521
8.4.11 RTP Limitations 522
8.5 Session Description Protocol (SDP) 522
8.6 Media Gateway Control 523
8.6.1 Evolution of Media Control Protocols 523
8.7 MEGACO 524
8.7.1 Terminations and Contexts 524
8.7.2 Events and Signals 526
8.7.3 MEGACO Commands and Descriptors 528
8.7.4 Context and Termination Handling (Bearer Establishment) 529
8.7.5 Deleting Contexts and Bearers 535
8.7.6 Summary 536
8.8 Bearer-Independent Call Control (BICC) 536
8.8.1 Forward and Backward Bearer Establishment 538
xiv CONTENTS
8.8.2 BICC Messages and Parameters 538
8.8.3 Bearer Control Function 540
8.8.4 Bearer Control Protocols 542
8.8.5 BICC IP Bearer Control Protocol (IPBCP, Q.1970) 542
8.8.6 BICC Call Flow Examples for Release 4 544
8.8.7 Tandem-Free and Transcoder-Free Operation 545
8.8.8 BICC Summary 547
8.9 Sigtran Protocol 548
8.9.1 MTP3 User Adaptation Layer (M3UA) 548
8.9.2 Streaming Control Transport Protocol (SCTP) 551
8.10 Summary 552
9 Release 5 and Beyond (All-IP) 555
9.1 Introduction 555
9.2 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 555
9.2.1 Call Session Control Function (CSCF) 558
9.2.2 Application Server (AS) 559
9.2.3 Breakout Gateway Control Function (BGCF) 560
9.2.4 Multimedia Resource Function (MRF) 560
9.2.5 Media Gateway Control Function and Media Gateway
(MGCF and MGW) 560
9.3 Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 560
9.3.1 HSS Cx Interface 561
9.4 IP Network Domain Security 563
9.5 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 564
9.5.1 SIP Addressing 565
9.5.2 SIP Components 566
9.5.3 SIP Messages 568
9.5.4 SIP Responses 569
9.5.5 SIP Transaction Handling 570
9.5.6 SIP Message Transport 570
9.5.7 SIP Server Discovery 571
9.5.8 SIP Headers 571
9.5.9 SIP Call Establishment 574
9.5.10 CANCEL 575
9.5.11 Call Establishment via Proxy 576
9.5.12 Stateless and Stateful Proxies 576
9.5.13 SIP Offer/Answer Model 577
9.5.14 SIP Registration 579
9.5.15 SIP Call Routing (Direct, Proxy and Redirect) 581
9.5.16 Provision of QoS with SIP 584
9.5.17 SIP Security 588
9.5.18 SIP–PSTN Interworking 591
9.5.19 SIP Bridging 593
9.5.20 Conferencing with SIP 595
CONTENTS xv
9.5.21 SIP Event Notification 595
9.5.22 SIP and Instant Messaging Services 596
9.6 E.164 Numbers (ENUM) 597
9.6.1 NAPTR 598
9.6.2 ENUM examples 598
9.7 UMTS IMS Call Signalling 599
9.7.1 IMS Security 599
9.7.2 P-CSCF Assignment 600
9.7.3 IMS Registration 601
9.7.4 IMS Mobile Originated Call 603
9.7.5 IMS Mobile Terminated Call 605
9.7.6 QoS Reservation for IMS Calls 606
9.7.7 IMS Accounting 608
9.7.8 Common Open Policy Service (COPS) 608
9.8 IP in the Radio Access Network (RAN) 609
9.8.1 Support for IPv6 609
9.8.2 IP in the Iu Interface 610
9.8.3 IP in the Iur Interface 612
9.8.4 IP in the Iub Interface 613
9.8.5 IP Header Compression in the RAN 613
9.8.6 RAN IP Datalink Layer 613
9.8.7 IP QoS in RAN 614
9.8.8 Composite IP (CIP) 614
9.8.9 Lightweight IP Encapsulation Protocol (LIPE) 615
9.8.10 Multiplexed PPP 617
9.8.11 AAL2 over UDP 618
9.8.12 IP ATM Interoperating 618
9.9 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) in UMTS 620
9.9.1 MPLS terminology 621
9.9.2 MPLS Forwarding 621
9.9.3 Label Switched Paths (LSP) 623
9.9.4 Label Distribution 623
9.10 Summary 623
Glossary of Terms 643
Jeffrey Bannister, Paul Mather and Sebastian Coope
Publication Date: February 23, 2004 | ISBN-10: 047086091X | ISBN-13: 978-0470860915 | Edition: 1
Contents
About the Authors xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Background to Convergence 1
1.2 Third Generation (3G) 2
1.3 Why UMTS? 3
1.4 IMT2000 Process 4
1.5 Organization of the Book 8
2 Principles of Communications 11
2.1 Circuit- and Packet Switched Data 11
2.1.1 Datagram Approach 12
2.1.2 Virtual Circuits 12
2.2 Analogue and Digital Communications 14
2.2.1 Representing Analogue Signals in Digital Format 14
2.3 Voice and Video Transmission 15
2.3.1 Sampling 15
2.3.2 Coding and CODECs 16
2.3.3 Pulse Code Modulation 19
2.3.4 Compression 19
2.3.5 Comfort Noise Generation and Activity Detection 20
2.3.6 Packetization Delay 20
2.3.7 Erlang and Network Capacity 21
2.3.8 Voice over IP (VoIP) 21
2.3.9 Quality of Service 22
vi CONTENTS
2.4 Multiple Access 23
2.5 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 23
2.6 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 24
2.7 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 26
2.7.1 DS-CDMA Signal Spreading 27
2.7.2 Orthogonal Codes and Signal Separation 31
2.7.3 PN Sequences 33
2.8 Multipath Propagation and Diversity 35
2.8.1 Soft Handover 38
2.8.2 Fading and Power Control 38
2.9 Protecting the Data 39
2.9.1 Convolution Coding 40
2.9.2 Interleaving 41
2.10 Summary 42
3 GSM Fundamentals 43
3.1 General Architecture 44
3.2 Mobility Management 49
3.3 GSM Air Interface 52
3.3.1 GSM Multiframes 55
3.3.2 Traffic Channel Multiframe 56
3.3.3 Control Channel Multiframe 58
3.3.4 Frames, Multiframes, Superframes and Hyperframes 60
3.4 Timing Advance 63
3.5 Initial Connection Procedure 63
3.6 Protocols and Signalling 65
3.7 GSM and Signalling System 7 68
3.7.1 Signalling Points 69
3.7.2 Protocol Stack for SS7 Signalling over MTP 70
3.7.3 Address Translation 73
3.7.4 Example of Routing of a Call to a Mobile Subscriber 73
3.7.5 Example of Routing of an SMS Message to a
Mobile Subscriber 75
3.8 Summary 76
4 General Packet Radio Service 79
4.1 Introduction to GPRS 79
4.2 General Architecture 81
4.3 GPRS Network Elements 82
4.3.1 Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 82
4.3.2 Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) 82
4.3.3 Charging Gateway (CG) 83
4.3.4 Lawful Interception Gateway (LIG) 83
4.3.5 Domain Name System (DNS) 83
4.3.6 Border Gateway (BG) 83
CONTENTS vii
4.4 Network Interfaces 84
4.4.1 Network Operation Mode 86
4.5 GPRS Air Interface 86
4.5.1 Resource Sharing 87
4.5.2 Air Interface Coding Schemes 89
4.5.3 Classes of Devices 90
4.5.4 Advantages of GPRS Over the Air 92
4.6 GPRS Protocols 93
4.6.1 Physical and Logical Channels 95
4.6.2 Subnetwork-Dependent Convergence Protocol (SNDCP) 98
4.6.3 Logical Link Control (LLC) 100
4.6.4 Radio Link Control/Media Access Control (RLC/MAC) 106
4.6.5 GPRS Radio Protocol 117
4.6.6 Layer 1 118
4.7 Gb Interface Protocols 119
4.7.1 Layer 1 Bis 119
4.7.2 Frame Relay 119
4.7.3 Base Station System GPRS Protocol (BSSGP) 120
4.8 GPRS Tunnelling Protocol (GTP) 126
4.9 Connection Management 128
4.9.1 Mobility Management 129
4.9.2 Session Management 135
4.9.3 Transparent and Non-transparent Mode 142
4.9.4 Access Point Name (APN) 142
4.9.5 Charging and Billing 145
4.9.6 QoS over the GPRS Network 146
4.10 Connection scenarios 150
4.11 Other Cellular High-Speed Data Technologies 152
4.11.1 High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD) 152
4.11.2 Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) 152
4.11.3 Modification to RLC/MAC 154
4.11.4 Channel Coding for PDTCH 158
4.11.5 Link Adaptation and Incremental Redundancy 159
4.11.6 Compact EDGE 161
4.11.7 GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network (GERAN) 162
4.12 Summary 165
5 IP Applications for GPRS/UMTS 167
5.1 Introduction 167
5.2 IP Protocol Suite Overview 168
5.2.1 IP Protocol 169
5.2.2 IP Addressing and Routing 170
5.2.3 Address Depletion and CIDR 172
5.2.4 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 174
5.2.5 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 176
viii CONTENTS
5.2.6 Domain Name Service (DNS) 177
5.2.7 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 178
5.2.8 IP Summary 180
5.3 IP Routing 180
5.3.1 Dynamic Routing Algorithms 182
5.3.2 Distance Vector Routing Protocol 182
5.3.3 Link State Protocols 186
5.3.4 Other Routing Protocols 194
5.3.5 Exterior Routing Protocols 195
5.4 TCP and Congestion Control 197
5.4.1 Slow Start/Congestion Avoidance 197
5.4.2 Fast Retransmit/Fast Recovery (RENO TCP) 198
5.4.3 Drop Tail Buffer Management 199
5.4.4 Random Early Detection (RED) 199
5.5 TCP Optimization for the Air 200
5.6 IP for GPRS and UMTS R99 201
5.6.1 Reliability and Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol (VRRP) 203
5.6.2 VRRP Virtual MAC Addresses 206
5.6.3 IP Header Compression 206
5.6.4 IP Address Depletion and GPRS 210
5.6.5 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) 210
5.6.6 Network Address Translation (NAT) 211
5.7 IP-based QoS for UMTS Networks 213
5.7.1 QoS Negotiation in UMTS 213
5.7.2 GPRS QoS Parameters 214
5.8 QoS for the GPRS Core Network 215
5.8.1 Differentiated Services (DiffServ) 217
5.8.2 Expedited Forwarding 218
5.8.3 QoS and the Integrated Services (IntServ) 220
5.8.4 Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) 221
5.8.5 RSVP for GPRS 224
5.8.6 IntServ versus DiffServ 225
5.9 IP Security 226
5.9.1 Transport Layer Security (TLS) and WAP Security (WTLS) 226
5.9.2 Virtual Private Networks and IP Security (IPSec) 230
5.9.3 Internet Key Exchange (IKE) 236
5.9.4 Security and GPRS 236
5.10 Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) 237
5.10.1 The IPv6 Header 238
5.10.2 Traffic Classes 239
5.10.3 Flow Labels 240
5.10.4 The Payload Length Field 240
5.10.5 The Next Header Field 240
5.10.6 The Hop Limit 240
5.10.7 The Source Address 241
CONTENTS ix
5.10.8 The Destination Address 241
5.10.9 IPv6 Address Representation 242
5.10.10 The Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 243
5.10.11 Dual IP Layer 243
5.10.12 Tunnelling 244
5.11 Serial Line IP (SLIP) and Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 245
5.11.1 LCP Link Establishment 246
5.11.2 PPP Authentication 248
5.11.3 Network Control Protocol (NCP) for IP 249
5.11.4 IP Packet Encapsulation 250
5.11.5 PPP in 3G 250
5.12 Radius Accounting, Authorization and Authentication (AAA) 251
5.12.1 RADIUS Functions 252
5.12.2 RADIUS Authentication and Configuration 252
5.12.3 RADIUS Accounting 253
5.13 Diameter AAA 253
5.13.1 Attribute Value Pairs (AVPs) 254
5.14 Mobile IP 255
5.14.1 Mobile IP Routing 255
5.14.2 Mobile IP Security 257
5.14.3 Route Reverse Tunnelling 257
5.14.4 Route Optimization 257
5.14.5 Mobile IP for IPv6 258
5.14.6 Foreign Agent Handover and Mobile IP 259
5.14.7 Mobile IP for CDMA2000 260
5.14.8 Mobile IP for UMTS 260
5.15 Summary 261
6 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 265
6.1 UMTS Network Architecture 265
6.1.1 WCDMA Base Station (WBTS) 266
6.1.2 Radio Network Controller (RNC) 267
6.1.3 3G Mobile Switching Centre (3G MSC) 267
6.2 Network Evolution 268
6.3 UMTS FDD and TDD 269
6.4 UMTS Bearer Model 270
6.5 UMTS QoS Classes 273
6.6 UTRAN Channels 276
6.6.1 Logical Channels 277
6.6.2 Downlink Transport and Physical Channels 278
6.6.3 Uplink Transport and Physical Channels 279
6.7 Radio Resource Management (RRM) 279
6.7.1 Admission Control 279
6.7.2 Packet Scheduler 281
6.7.3 Load Control 282
x CONTENTS
6.7.4 Handover Control 282
6.7.5 Power Control 286
6.8 WCDMA Physical Layer 288
6.8.1 Physical Layer Procedures 289
6.8.2 Data Protection 289
6.8.3 Radio Frame Segmentation and Rate Matching 291
6.8.4 Spreading 291
6.8.5 Modulation and Transmission 295
6.8.6 Common Channels 296
6.8.7 Dedicated Physical Channels 297
6.9 Initial Connection to Network 300
6.9.1 Synchronization Procedures 300
6.9.2 Slot Synchronization 301
6.9.3 Frame Synchronization 302
6.9.4 Scrambling Code Identification 303
6.9.5 Random Access Procedure 304
6.10 Compressed Mode 305
6.11 Downlink Transmit Diversity Techniques 307
6.11.1 Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) 307
6.11.2 Time Switched Transmit Diversity (TSTD) 307
6.11.3 Site Selection Diversity Transmit (SSDT) 308
6.11.4 Closed Loop Mode Transmit Diversity 308
6.12 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture 309
6.12.1 Broadcast/Multicast Control (BMC) 311
6.12.2 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) 312
6.12.3 Radio Link Control (RLC) 312
6.12.4 Media Access Control (MAC) 316
6.12.5 MAC and Physical Layer Interaction 319
6.13 Adaptive Multirate (AMR) CODEC 323
6.14 Calculated Transport Format Combinations 326
6.15 Use of DSCH 328
6.16 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 328
6.16.1 RRC Mobile States 330
6.16.2 UTRAN UE Identifiers 333
6.16.3 RRC Connection 333
6.16.4 Signalling Radio Bearers 335
6.16.5 RRC Security Mode Control 336
6.16.6 RRC Paging 336
6.16.7 Radio Bearer Establishment 337
6.16.8 Transfer of NAS Messages 339
6.16.9 Cell/URA Update 339
6.16.10 Measurement Reporting 340
6.16.11 Active Set Update 342
6.17 Broadcast System Information 343
6.17.1 Master Information Block (MIB) 345
CONTENTS xi
6.17.2 System Information Block 1 345
6.17.3 System Information Block 2 346
6.17.4 System Information Block 3 347
6.17.5 System Information Block 5 347
6.17.6 System Information Block 7 348
6.17.7 System Information Block 11 348
6.18 Frame Protocols 348
6.18.1 Dedicated User Data on the Iub/Iur Interface 348
6.18.2 User Data on Iub Common Channels 357
6.18.3 User Data on Iur Common Channels 359
6.18.4 User Data on the Iu Interface 363
6.18.5 Control Procedures 367
6.19 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 371
6.19.1 Iub Interface 373
6.19.2 Node B Application Part (NBAP) 374
6.19.3 Iur Interface 376
6.19.4 Radio Network Subsystem Application Part (RNSAP) 377
6.19.5 Iu Interface 379
6.19.6 Radio Access Network Application Part (RANAP) 381
6.19.7 Broadband SS7 389
6.20 Mobility Management for Packet Switched Operation 392
6.20.1 PMM-Detached 392
6.20.2 PMM-Idle 392
6.20.3 PMM-Connected 392
6.21 UMTS Security Architecture 393
6.21.1 User Identity Confidentiality 395
6.21.2 Authentication 395
6.21.3 Security Mode Establishment 397
6.21.4 Confidentiality 399
6.22 UMTS Call Life Cycle 401
6.22.1 Signalling Connection Establishment 401
6.22.2 Location Updating 405
6.22.3 Paging 406
6.22.4 Connection Establishment: Circuit Core 407
6.22.5 Handover Control 410
6.22.6 Circuit Call Termination 412
6.22.7 Packet Core Connection 413
6.23 CDMA2000 414
6.23.1 History of Cellular in the USA 415
6.23.2 The TDMA System 417
6.23.3 The CDMA System 417
6.23.4 Evolution Path 417
6.23.5 CDMA2000 1xRTT 418
6.23.6 CDMA2000 1xEV 418
6.23.7 CDMA2000 3xMC 418
xii CONTENTS
6.23.8 CDMA2000 Network Architecture 418
6.23.9 Simple IP and Mobile IP 420
6.23.10 Mobility Management 421
6.24 Time Division-Synchronous CDMA (TD-SCDMA) 421
6.25 Summary 422
7 UMTS Transmission Networks 425
7.1 Introduction to RAN Transmission 425
7.2 Introduction to ATM 426
7.3 History and Standards 428
7.3.1 Virtual Circuits and Virtual Paths 429
7.4 The ATM Reference Model 430
7.5 The Physical Layer 432
7.5.1 PMD Sublayer 433
7.5.2 Transmission Convergence (TC) Sublayer 436
7.5.3 Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) 439
7.6 The ATM Layer 440
7.7 The ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) 442
7.7.1 AAL1 443
7.7.2 Circuit Emulation Service (CES) 446
7.7.3 AAL2 450
7.7.4 Service-specific convergence sublayer (SSCS) 457
7.7.5 AAL3/4 460
7.7.6 AAL5 461
7.7.7 Summary 462
7.8 Traffic Classes 463
7.9 Traffic Management and Quality of Service 466
7.9.1 Traffic Descriptor 468
7.10 Traffic Shaping 471
7.10.1 Generic Cell Rate Algorithm (GCRA) 471
7.10.2 Usage Parameter Control 473
7.11 ABR and Traffic Congestion 474
7.12 Network Management 475
7.12.1 Integrated Local Management Interface (ILMI) 476
7.12.2 Layer Management 476
7.13 ATM Signalling 478
7.13.1 ATM Signalling Protocol Stack 478
7.13.2 Service-Specific Connection-Oriented Protocol (SSCOP) 479
7.13.3 Service-specific Coordination Function (SSCF) 482
7.13.4 ATM Addressing Format 483
7.13.5 UMTS Signalling Transport 485
7.13.6 UNI3.x Signalling 486
7.13.7 Connection Establishment 487
7.13.8 Signalling Message Structure 489
7.13.9 UNI4.0 491
CONTENTS xiii
7.14 Private Network-to-Network Interface (PNNI) 492
7.14.1 Peer Group 493
7.14.2 AAL2 Signalling 494
7.15 IP/ATM Internetworking 498
7.15.1 Packet Core 499
7.15.2 Data Encapsulation 499
7.15.3 Classical IP over ATM (CLIP) 501
7.15.4 Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) 503
7.15.5 IP Multicast over ATM 504
7.16 Summary 505
8 IP Telephony for UMTS Release 4 509
8.1 Introduction 509
8.2 R4 Softswitch Architecture 510
8.2.1 MSC Server 510
8.2.2 Media Gateway (MGW) 511
8.2.3 Gateway MSC Server (GMSC Server) 511
8.2.4 CS Domain External Interfaces 512
8.2.5 CAMEL 513
8.3 Voice over IP (VoIP) 513
8.3.1 VoIP Call Control 513
8.4 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP) 514
8.4.1 RTP at the Nb Interface 514
8.4.2 Source Identifiers 517
8.4.3 Encryption with RTP 518
8.4.4 Redundancy with RTP 518
8.4.5 Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP) 518
8.4.6 RTCP Receiver Report 519
8.4.7 RTCP Sender Report 520
8.4.8 SDES Source Description 521
8.4.9 BYE Goodbye 521
8.4.10 APP Application Defined 521
8.4.11 RTP Limitations 522
8.5 Session Description Protocol (SDP) 522
8.6 Media Gateway Control 523
8.6.1 Evolution of Media Control Protocols 523
8.7 MEGACO 524
8.7.1 Terminations and Contexts 524
8.7.2 Events and Signals 526
8.7.3 MEGACO Commands and Descriptors 528
8.7.4 Context and Termination Handling (Bearer Establishment) 529
8.7.5 Deleting Contexts and Bearers 535
8.7.6 Summary 536
8.8 Bearer-Independent Call Control (BICC) 536
8.8.1 Forward and Backward Bearer Establishment 538
xiv CONTENTS
8.8.2 BICC Messages and Parameters 538
8.8.3 Bearer Control Function 540
8.8.4 Bearer Control Protocols 542
8.8.5 BICC IP Bearer Control Protocol (IPBCP, Q.1970) 542
8.8.6 BICC Call Flow Examples for Release 4 544
8.8.7 Tandem-Free and Transcoder-Free Operation 545
8.8.8 BICC Summary 547
8.9 Sigtran Protocol 548
8.9.1 MTP3 User Adaptation Layer (M3UA) 548
8.9.2 Streaming Control Transport Protocol (SCTP) 551
8.10 Summary 552
9 Release 5 and Beyond (All-IP) 555
9.1 Introduction 555
9.2 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 555
9.2.1 Call Session Control Function (CSCF) 558
9.2.2 Application Server (AS) 559
9.2.3 Breakout Gateway Control Function (BGCF) 560
9.2.4 Multimedia Resource Function (MRF) 560
9.2.5 Media Gateway Control Function and Media Gateway
(MGCF and MGW) 560
9.3 Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 560
9.3.1 HSS Cx Interface 561
9.4 IP Network Domain Security 563
9.5 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 564
9.5.1 SIP Addressing 565
9.5.2 SIP Components 566
9.5.3 SIP Messages 568
9.5.4 SIP Responses 569
9.5.5 SIP Transaction Handling 570
9.5.6 SIP Message Transport 570
9.5.7 SIP Server Discovery 571
9.5.8 SIP Headers 571
9.5.9 SIP Call Establishment 574
9.5.10 CANCEL 575
9.5.11 Call Establishment via Proxy 576
9.5.12 Stateless and Stateful Proxies 576
9.5.13 SIP Offer/Answer Model 577
9.5.14 SIP Registration 579
9.5.15 SIP Call Routing (Direct, Proxy and Redirect) 581
9.5.16 Provision of QoS with SIP 584
9.5.17 SIP Security 588
9.5.18 SIP–PSTN Interworking 591
9.5.19 SIP Bridging 593
9.5.20 Conferencing with SIP 595
CONTENTS xv
9.5.21 SIP Event Notification 595
9.5.22 SIP and Instant Messaging Services 596
9.6 E.164 Numbers (ENUM) 597
9.6.1 NAPTR 598
9.6.2 ENUM examples 598
9.7 UMTS IMS Call Signalling 599
9.7.1 IMS Security 599
9.7.2 P-CSCF Assignment 600
9.7.3 IMS Registration 601
9.7.4 IMS Mobile Originated Call 603
9.7.5 IMS Mobile Terminated Call 605
9.7.6 QoS Reservation for IMS Calls 606
9.7.7 IMS Accounting 608
9.7.8 Common Open Policy Service (COPS) 608
9.8 IP in the Radio Access Network (RAN) 609
9.8.1 Support for IPv6 609
9.8.2 IP in the Iu Interface 610
9.8.3 IP in the Iur Interface 612
9.8.4 IP in the Iub Interface 613
9.8.5 IP Header Compression in the RAN 613
9.8.6 RAN IP Datalink Layer 613
9.8.7 IP QoS in RAN 614
9.8.8 Composite IP (CIP) 614
9.8.9 Lightweight IP Encapsulation Protocol (LIPE) 615
9.8.10 Multiplexed PPP 617
9.8.11 AAL2 over UDP 618
9.8.12 IP ATM Interoperating 618
9.9 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) in UMTS 620
9.9.1 MPLS terminology 621
9.9.2 MPLS Forwarding 621
9.9.3 Label Switched Paths (LSP) 623
9.9.4 Label Distribution 623
9.10 Summary 623
Glossary of Terms 643