ryuzaki_steven
2012-03-09, 03:42 PM
i've searched in the forum and found nothing similarity doc..
here's the content:
1 How to Use This Guide ..............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................1
1.2 General Radio Network Planning Process ....................................................................................................1
1.3 Quick Guide to Content of Each Section .....................................................................................................2
2 LTE Fundamentals & Key Technologies .......................................................................................................3
2.1 Overview of Data Market as a Whole ..........................................................................................................3
2.2 3GPP Evolution and Market Expectation .....................................................................................................3
2.3 LTE Modulation Technology Highlight .........................................................................................................4
2.3.1 OFDM Fundamental .....................................................................................................................................................................5
2.3.2 SC-FDMA Fundamental ................................................................................................................................................................7
2.4 LTE Frame Structure ....................................................................................................................................8
2.5 LTE Resource Block Architecture ..................................................................................................................9
2.6 Reference Signal Structure ........................................................................................................................10
2.7 Timing and Sampling Architecture ............................................................................................................11
2.7.1 Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix .............................................................................................................................................12
2.7.2 Synchronization Channel ............................................................................................................................................................13
2.8 Uplink Physical Channel Structure .............................................................................................................13
2.8.1 FDD Uplink Control, Sounding and Demodulation Reference Signal Structure ............................................................................14
2.9 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) ....................................................................................................15
2.9.1 3GPP MIMO Mode Definition .....................................................................................................................................................15
2.9.2 Open Loop MIMO ......................................................................................................................................................................16
2.9.3 Closed Loop MIMO ....................................................................................................................................................................17
2.9.4 Pre-coding Matrix ......................................................................................................................................................................18
2.9.5 Beam Forming ...........................................................................................................................................................................20
2.10 LTE FDD vs LTE TDD Main Features Comparison ......................................................................................21
2.11 LTE Channels Hierarchy Overview ............................................................................................................22
2.11.1 Physical Channel Modulation Schemes .....................................................................................................................................22
2.11.2 Downlink Channel Functionality Breakdown .............................................................................................................................23
2.11.3 Uplink Channel Functionality Breakdown .................................................................................................................................23
2.11.4 Channel Functionality Description in Detail ...............................................................................................................................23
2.11.5 Downlink Control Channel and RE Mapping Relationship .........................................................................................................25
2.12 Cell Search, Synchronization & Mobility–UE Call Flow View .....................................................................25
2.12.1 Cell Search and Synchronization ...............................................................................................................................................25
2.12.2 UE Procedure for Reporting Channel Quality Indication (CQI), Precoding Matrix indicator (PMI) and rank indication (RI) ...........26
2.12.3 System Information Bit Definition .............................................................................................................................................27
2.12.4 Mobility Management ..............................................................................................................................................................27
2.12.5 EUTRAN Hierarchy and Interface Overview ...............................................................................................................................27
2.12.6 Summary of Handover Call Flow – 3GPP Example TS36.300 .....................................................................................................28
2.13 Example of Peak Data Rate Calculation ...................................................................................................29
3 LTE Frequency and Spectrum Planning .....................................................................................................30
3.1 Frequency Spectrum Overview - FDD ........................................................................................................30
3.2 Frequency Spectrum Overview - TDD ........................................................................................................30
3.3 Channel Bandwidth and Subcarrier Allocation ...........................................................................................31
3.4 Channel Arrangement ...............................................................................................................................32
3.4.1 Channel Spacing ........................................................................................................................................................................32
3.4.2 Channel Raster ...........................................................................................................................................................................32
3.4.3 Carrier Frequency and EARFCN ...................................................................................................................................................33
3.5 Frequency Planning Recommendations .....................................................................................................34
3.5.1 Conventional Frequency Reuse Scheme 1*3*1 ............................................................................................................................34
3.5.2 SFR 1*3*1 – Downlink and Uplink ..............................................................................................................................................35
3.5.3 TDD Specific Frequency Planning Considerations ........................................................................................................................36
3.5.4 Frequency Band Selection ..........................................................................................................................................................37
3.5.5 Cyclic Prefix Planning .................................................................................................................................................................38
3.5.6 Placing Multiple Technologies@Multiple Frequency Band ...........................................................................................................38
4 Link Budget and Coverage Planning .........................................................................................................40
4.1 Conventional Link Budget .........................................................................................................................41
4.2 Propagation Parameters ............................................................................................................................42
4.2.1 Channel Model ..........................................................................................................................................................................42
4.2.2 3GPP Value for Multipath and Doppler Effect .............................................................................................................................43
4.2.3 Propagation Model ....................................................................................................................................................................45
4.2.4 Penetration Loss .........................................................................................................................................................................50
4.2.5 Body Loss ...................................................................................................................................................................................51
4.2.6 Feeder Loss ................................................................................................................................................................................52
4.2.7 Background Noise ......................................................................................................................................................................53
4.3 Equipment-Related Parameters .................................................................................................................53
4.3.1 Transmit Power ..........................................................................................................................................................................53
4.3.2 Receiver Sensitivity .....................................................................................................................................................................54
4.3.3 Noise Figure ...............................................................................................................................................................................54
4.3.4 Antenna Gain .............................................................................................................................................................................54
4.4 LTE-Related Parameters .............................................................................................................................56
4.4.1 MIMO Gains ..............................................................................................................................................................................56
4.4.2 Cell Edge Rate ............................................................................................................................................................................57
4.4.3 Interference Margin ...................................................................................................................................................................59
4.4.4 Beam Forming ...........................................................................................................................................................................59
4.5 System Reliability ......................................................................................................................................60
4.5.1 Slow Fading Margin ...................................................................................................................................................................60
4.5.2 Effect of Earth Curvature ............................................................................................................................................................62
4.5.3 Absence of Fast Fading and Soft Handover Margin ....................................................................................................................62
4.6 Specific Factors in Link Budget Consideration ............................................................................................62
4.6.1 Features Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................62
4.6.2 TTI Bundling ...............................................................................................................................................................................63
4.6.3 Interference Rejection Combining ..............................................................................................................................................63
4.6.4 Reference Signal Power Boosting Gain .......................................................................................................................................65
4.6.5 Remote Radio Unit and eNodeB Portfolio ...................................................................................................................................65
4.7 Summary of Variables inside Link Budget Tools .........................................................................................65
5 Interference and Guard Band Analysis ......................................................................................................69
5.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................................69
5.1.1 Basic Concepts ...........................................................................................................................................................................69
5.1.2 Analysis of Background Noise ....................................................................................................................................................73
5.1.3 Impact of Interference ...............................................................................................................................................................74
5.2 Interference Between TDD Systems ...........................................................................................................75
5.2.1 Interference between Different Carriers ......................................................................................................................................75
5.2.2 Interference within the Same Carrier ..........................................................................................................................................76
5.2.3 Theoretical Analysis of Interference under Site Sharing ...............................................................................................................77
5.2.4 Theoretical Analysis of Interference: Non Colocated eNodeB .....................................................................................................78
5.3 Guard Band Requirement: LTE-FDD vs GSM/UMTS ....................................................................................79
5.4 GuardBand Requirement: LTE FDD vs LTE TDD ..........................................................................................79
5.5 Spectrum Refarming for LTE ......................................................................................................................80
5.5.1 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................80
5.5.2 GSM Spectrum Refarming ..........................................................................................................................................................80
5.5.3 Introduction of Buffer Zone ........................................................................................................................................................81
5.6 Radio Access Technologies Co-location Strategies .....................................................................................82
5.6.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................................82
5.6.2 GSM-LTE Co-Location Examples .................................................................................................................................................82
5.6.3 LTE TDD and WiMAX Systems Co-Location .................................................................................................................................87
6 LTE Access Network Capacity Planning .....................................................................................................89
6.1 Definition of Capacity ...............................................................................................................................89
6.2 3GPP Services Classification ......................................................................................................................91
6.3 EUTRAN Capacity Limiting Factors ............................................................................................................91
6.3.1 Operating Frequency Band .........................................................................................................................................................92
6.3.2 RF coverage - RSRP ....................................................................................................................................................................93
6.3.3 Impact of Interference on Capacity ............................................................................................................................................93
6.3.4 Signal Interference Noise Ratio and Adaptive Coding .................................................................................................................94
6.3.5 Radio (Transmitter) Power Availability .........................................................................................................................................94
6.3.6 Spectrum Bandwidth Availability ................................................................................................................................................94
6.3.7 Base Band Channel Card Processing Capacity .............................................................................................................................94
6.3.8 S1/X2 Capacity ...........................................................................................................................................................................94
6.3.9 Application of Special Antenna Technologies (MIMO/BF/V MIMO) ..............................................................................................94
6.3.10 Scheduling Mode .....................................................................................................................................................................95
6.3.11 Actual Cell Site Placement in Relation to Traffic ........................................................................................................................96
6.3.12 UE Capability ............................................................................................................................................................................96
6.3.13 User Traffic Mix and Call Modelling ..........................................................................................................................................97
6.3.14 Time Slot Allocation for Uplink and Downlink – TDD specific ....................................................................................................97
6.3.15 Cyclical Prefix Allocation ...........................................................................................................................................................98
6.4 S1 Bandwidth Dimensioning Procedure .....................................................................................................98
6.5 X2 Bandwidth Dimensioning Procedure ....................................................................................................99
6.6 Impact of Latency of X2 on Cell Throughput ...........................................................................................100
6.7 Inter Radio Access Technology Handover Considerations ........................................................................100
7 U-Net Simulation and Operation ............................................................................................................103
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................103
7.2 Simulation Process ..................................................................................................................................103
7.3 Creating Project ......................................................................................................................................104
7.4 Geographical Information .......................................................................................................................104
7.4.1 Quick Import Function .............................................................................................................................................................104
7.4.2 Defining Coordinate Systems ....................................................................................................................................................105
7.4.3 Properties of Clutter Class ........................................................................................................................................................106
7.5 Equipment Parameter .............................................................................................................................107
7.5.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................................................................107
7.5.2 Network Settings .....................................................................................................................................................................107
7.5.3 Equipment ...............................................................................................................................................................................113
7.5.4 Site, Cell and Transmitter Listing ..............................................................................................................................................113
7.5.5 Viewing “Hidden” Parameters ..................................................................................................................................................115
7.5.6 Propagation Model Selection ...................................................................................................................................................115
7.5.7 Clutter Related Modelling ........................................................................................................................................................118
7.5.8 Impact of Parameter Setting on Prediction and Simulation .......................................................................................................118
7.6 Engineering Parameter ............................................................................................................................119
7.6.1 Power Setting ..........................................................................................................................................................................119
7.6.2 Load Setting ............................................................................................................................................................................121
7.6.3 Frequency Planning ..................................................................................................................................................................122
7.6.4 Scheduling Parameters .............................................................................................................................................................125
7.6.5 Antenna Property .....................................................................................................................................................................126
7.6.6 Properties of a Single Transmitter .............................................................................................................................................128
7.6.7 Properties of a eNodeB Template .............................................................................................................................................130
7.7 LTE Traffic Model Parameters ..................................................................................................................132
7.7.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................................................................132
7.7.2 Environments ...........................................................................................................................................................................132
7.7.3 User Profiles .............................................................................................................................................................................133
7.7.4 Terminals .................................................................................................................................................................................134
7.7.5 Mobility Types ..........................................................................................................................................................................135
7.7.6 Services ....................................................................................................................................................................................136
7.7.7 Traffic Map ..............................................................................................................................................................................137
7.8 Prediction and Simulation .......................................................................................................................141
7.8.1 Predictions ...............................................................................................................................................................................141
7.8.2 Simulation ................................................................................................................................................................................145
7.9 Point Analysis Tool ..................................................................................................................................151
7.9.1 Profile ......................................................................................................................................................................................151
7.9.2 Reception ................................................................................................................................................................................151
7.9.3 Signal Analysis .........................................................................................................................................................................152
7.9.4 Result ......................................................................................................................................................................................152
7.10 RF Cell Planning Optimization ...............................................................................................................152
7.11 U-Net Planning Case .............................................................................................................................154
7.11.1 Overview of Planning Area .....................................................................................................................................................154
7.11.2 Site Distribution .....................................................................................................................................................................155
7.11.3 Parameter Configuration and General Assumption .................................................................................................................156
7.11.4 Network Coverage Predictions ...............................................................................................................................................157
7.11.5 Network Capacity Simulation .................................................................................................................................................160
8 LTE Network Key Performance Indicators ...............................................................................................163
8.1 KPI Measurement Methodology ..............................................................................................................163
8.2 KPI Acceptance Procedure ......................................................................................................................163
8.3 Service KPIs and Network KPIs ................................................................................................................164
8.4 Cluster and Test Route ............................................................................................................................164
8.5 Proposed Key Performance Indicators .....................................................................................................165
8.6 Proposed KPIs for Final Acceptance (Stability Acceptance, Optional) .......................................................165
9 Network Planning Checklist ...................................................................................................................166
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................166
9.2 Checklist Items Consideration .................................................................................................................166
9.2.1 Understanding Customer Spectrum Bandwidth Availability .......................................................................................................166
9.2.2 Actual Frequency Band Allocation for LTE .................................................................................................................................166
9.2.3 Frequency Band Refarming Requirement for LTE ......................................................................................................................167
9.2.4 Location of Customer Coverage Requirement ...........................................................................................................................167
9.2.5 Highway and Tunnel Coverage Requirement ............................................................................................................................168
9.2.6 Evaluate Existing Network Condition for InterRAT ....................................................................................................................168
9.2.7 Terrain and Clutter Database Availability and Accuracy .............................................................................................................168
9.2.8 Scheduler Selection ..................................................................................................................................................................169
9.2.9 Indoor Coverage Requirement .................................................................................................................................................169
9.2.10 Cell Edge Throughput Requirement ........................................................................................................................................169
9.2.11 Call Model and SmartPhone Penetration Growth Considerations ............................................................................................169
9.2.12 Base Station Antenna and Other Co-siting Equipment Selection .............................................................................................170
9.2.13 Interference Protection and Isolation Requirement .................................................................................................................170
9.2.14 Radio Related Equipment Selection ........................................................................................................................................171
9.2.15 Network and Spectrum Evolution Consideration ....................................................................................................................171
9.2.16 MIMO and Beam Forming Implementation ............................................................................................................................171
9.2.17 Cyclic Prefix Planning .............................................................................................................................................................171
9.2.18 Understanding of Current Transmission Backhaul Network Capability .....................................................................................172
9.2.19 UE Distribution and Channel Model : Pedestrian vs High Mobility ...........................................................................................172
9.2.20 TDD Specific Uplink and Downlink Configuration ...................................................................................................................172
9.2.21 Power Boosting Configuration ...............................................................................................................................................172
10 Appendix: RF Antenna Systems ..............................................................................................................174
10.1 Overview ..............................................................................................................................................174
10.2 Antenna Classification ..........................................................................................................................174
10.2.1 Frequency ..............................................................................................................................................................................174
10.2.2 Directivity ...............................................................................................................................................................................174
10.3 Main Specifications of Antenna ............................................................................................................174
10.3.1 Work Band .............................................................................................................................................................................175
10.3.2 Antenna Gain .........................................................................................................................................................................175
10.3.3 Antenna Pattern .....................................................................................................................................................................176
10.3.4 Beamwidth ............................................................................................................................................................................177
10.3.5 Relation between Beamwidth and Gain .................................................................................................................................177
10.3.6 Front-to-rear Ratio .................................................................................................................................................................178
10.3.7 Upper Side Lobe Suppression .................................................................................................................................................178
10.3.8 Polarization Mode ..................................................................................................................................................................179
10.3.9 Down Tilt ...............................................................................................................................................................................179
10.3.10 VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) ...................................................................................................................................179
10.3.11 Port Isolation .......................................................................................................................................................................180
10.3.12 Power Capacity ....................................................................................................................................................................180
10.3.13 Input Port of Antenna ..........................................................................................................................................................180
10.3.14 Passive Intermodulation (PIM) ..............................................................................................................................................180
10.3.15 Dimensions and Weight of Antenna .....................................................................................................................................181
10.3.16 Wind Load ...........................................................................................................................................................................181
10.3.17 Work Temperature and Humidity .........................................................................................................................................181
10.3.18 Lightning Protection .............................................................................................................................................................181
10.3.19 Three-proof Capability ..........................................................................................................................................................181
10.3.20 Camouflaged Antenna Scheme for Sites ...............................................................................................................................181
10.3.21 Customized Camouflage ......................................................................................................................................................182
10.3.22 Outlook Camouflage ............................................................................................................................................................183
10.3.23 Antenna Camouflage in Special Environment .......................................................................................................................183
11 References ...........................................................................................................................................184
here's the content:
1 How to Use This Guide ..............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................1
1.2 General Radio Network Planning Process ....................................................................................................1
1.3 Quick Guide to Content of Each Section .....................................................................................................2
2 LTE Fundamentals & Key Technologies .......................................................................................................3
2.1 Overview of Data Market as a Whole ..........................................................................................................3
2.2 3GPP Evolution and Market Expectation .....................................................................................................3
2.3 LTE Modulation Technology Highlight .........................................................................................................4
2.3.1 OFDM Fundamental .....................................................................................................................................................................5
2.3.2 SC-FDMA Fundamental ................................................................................................................................................................7
2.4 LTE Frame Structure ....................................................................................................................................8
2.5 LTE Resource Block Architecture ..................................................................................................................9
2.6 Reference Signal Structure ........................................................................................................................10
2.7 Timing and Sampling Architecture ............................................................................................................11
2.7.1 Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix .............................................................................................................................................12
2.7.2 Synchronization Channel ............................................................................................................................................................13
2.8 Uplink Physical Channel Structure .............................................................................................................13
2.8.1 FDD Uplink Control, Sounding and Demodulation Reference Signal Structure ............................................................................14
2.9 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) ....................................................................................................15
2.9.1 3GPP MIMO Mode Definition .....................................................................................................................................................15
2.9.2 Open Loop MIMO ......................................................................................................................................................................16
2.9.3 Closed Loop MIMO ....................................................................................................................................................................17
2.9.4 Pre-coding Matrix ......................................................................................................................................................................18
2.9.5 Beam Forming ...........................................................................................................................................................................20
2.10 LTE FDD vs LTE TDD Main Features Comparison ......................................................................................21
2.11 LTE Channels Hierarchy Overview ............................................................................................................22
2.11.1 Physical Channel Modulation Schemes .....................................................................................................................................22
2.11.2 Downlink Channel Functionality Breakdown .............................................................................................................................23
2.11.3 Uplink Channel Functionality Breakdown .................................................................................................................................23
2.11.4 Channel Functionality Description in Detail ...............................................................................................................................23
2.11.5 Downlink Control Channel and RE Mapping Relationship .........................................................................................................25
2.12 Cell Search, Synchronization & Mobility–UE Call Flow View .....................................................................25
2.12.1 Cell Search and Synchronization ...............................................................................................................................................25
2.12.2 UE Procedure for Reporting Channel Quality Indication (CQI), Precoding Matrix indicator (PMI) and rank indication (RI) ...........26
2.12.3 System Information Bit Definition .............................................................................................................................................27
2.12.4 Mobility Management ..............................................................................................................................................................27
2.12.5 EUTRAN Hierarchy and Interface Overview ...............................................................................................................................27
2.12.6 Summary of Handover Call Flow – 3GPP Example TS36.300 .....................................................................................................28
2.13 Example of Peak Data Rate Calculation ...................................................................................................29
3 LTE Frequency and Spectrum Planning .....................................................................................................30
3.1 Frequency Spectrum Overview - FDD ........................................................................................................30
3.2 Frequency Spectrum Overview - TDD ........................................................................................................30
3.3 Channel Bandwidth and Subcarrier Allocation ...........................................................................................31
3.4 Channel Arrangement ...............................................................................................................................32
3.4.1 Channel Spacing ........................................................................................................................................................................32
3.4.2 Channel Raster ...........................................................................................................................................................................32
3.4.3 Carrier Frequency and EARFCN ...................................................................................................................................................33
3.5 Frequency Planning Recommendations .....................................................................................................34
3.5.1 Conventional Frequency Reuse Scheme 1*3*1 ............................................................................................................................34
3.5.2 SFR 1*3*1 – Downlink and Uplink ..............................................................................................................................................35
3.5.3 TDD Specific Frequency Planning Considerations ........................................................................................................................36
3.5.4 Frequency Band Selection ..........................................................................................................................................................37
3.5.5 Cyclic Prefix Planning .................................................................................................................................................................38
3.5.6 Placing Multiple Technologies@Multiple Frequency Band ...........................................................................................................38
4 Link Budget and Coverage Planning .........................................................................................................40
4.1 Conventional Link Budget .........................................................................................................................41
4.2 Propagation Parameters ............................................................................................................................42
4.2.1 Channel Model ..........................................................................................................................................................................42
4.2.2 3GPP Value for Multipath and Doppler Effect .............................................................................................................................43
4.2.3 Propagation Model ....................................................................................................................................................................45
4.2.4 Penetration Loss .........................................................................................................................................................................50
4.2.5 Body Loss ...................................................................................................................................................................................51
4.2.6 Feeder Loss ................................................................................................................................................................................52
4.2.7 Background Noise ......................................................................................................................................................................53
4.3 Equipment-Related Parameters .................................................................................................................53
4.3.1 Transmit Power ..........................................................................................................................................................................53
4.3.2 Receiver Sensitivity .....................................................................................................................................................................54
4.3.3 Noise Figure ...............................................................................................................................................................................54
4.3.4 Antenna Gain .............................................................................................................................................................................54
4.4 LTE-Related Parameters .............................................................................................................................56
4.4.1 MIMO Gains ..............................................................................................................................................................................56
4.4.2 Cell Edge Rate ............................................................................................................................................................................57
4.4.3 Interference Margin ...................................................................................................................................................................59
4.4.4 Beam Forming ...........................................................................................................................................................................59
4.5 System Reliability ......................................................................................................................................60
4.5.1 Slow Fading Margin ...................................................................................................................................................................60
4.5.2 Effect of Earth Curvature ............................................................................................................................................................62
4.5.3 Absence of Fast Fading and Soft Handover Margin ....................................................................................................................62
4.6 Specific Factors in Link Budget Consideration ............................................................................................62
4.6.1 Features Overview ......................................................................................................................................................................62
4.6.2 TTI Bundling ...............................................................................................................................................................................63
4.6.3 Interference Rejection Combining ..............................................................................................................................................63
4.6.4 Reference Signal Power Boosting Gain .......................................................................................................................................65
4.6.5 Remote Radio Unit and eNodeB Portfolio ...................................................................................................................................65
4.7 Summary of Variables inside Link Budget Tools .........................................................................................65
5 Interference and Guard Band Analysis ......................................................................................................69
5.1 Overview ..................................................................................................................................................69
5.1.1 Basic Concepts ...........................................................................................................................................................................69
5.1.2 Analysis of Background Noise ....................................................................................................................................................73
5.1.3 Impact of Interference ...............................................................................................................................................................74
5.2 Interference Between TDD Systems ...........................................................................................................75
5.2.1 Interference between Different Carriers ......................................................................................................................................75
5.2.2 Interference within the Same Carrier ..........................................................................................................................................76
5.2.3 Theoretical Analysis of Interference under Site Sharing ...............................................................................................................77
5.2.4 Theoretical Analysis of Interference: Non Colocated eNodeB .....................................................................................................78
5.3 Guard Band Requirement: LTE-FDD vs GSM/UMTS ....................................................................................79
5.4 GuardBand Requirement: LTE FDD vs LTE TDD ..........................................................................................79
5.5 Spectrum Refarming for LTE ......................................................................................................................80
5.5.1 Summary ...................................................................................................................................................................................80
5.5.2 GSM Spectrum Refarming ..........................................................................................................................................................80
5.5.3 Introduction of Buffer Zone ........................................................................................................................................................81
5.6 Radio Access Technologies Co-location Strategies .....................................................................................82
5.6.1 Overview ...................................................................................................................................................................................82
5.6.2 GSM-LTE Co-Location Examples .................................................................................................................................................82
5.6.3 LTE TDD and WiMAX Systems Co-Location .................................................................................................................................87
6 LTE Access Network Capacity Planning .....................................................................................................89
6.1 Definition of Capacity ...............................................................................................................................89
6.2 3GPP Services Classification ......................................................................................................................91
6.3 EUTRAN Capacity Limiting Factors ............................................................................................................91
6.3.1 Operating Frequency Band .........................................................................................................................................................92
6.3.2 RF coverage - RSRP ....................................................................................................................................................................93
6.3.3 Impact of Interference on Capacity ............................................................................................................................................93
6.3.4 Signal Interference Noise Ratio and Adaptive Coding .................................................................................................................94
6.3.5 Radio (Transmitter) Power Availability .........................................................................................................................................94
6.3.6 Spectrum Bandwidth Availability ................................................................................................................................................94
6.3.7 Base Band Channel Card Processing Capacity .............................................................................................................................94
6.3.8 S1/X2 Capacity ...........................................................................................................................................................................94
6.3.9 Application of Special Antenna Technologies (MIMO/BF/V MIMO) ..............................................................................................94
6.3.10 Scheduling Mode .....................................................................................................................................................................95
6.3.11 Actual Cell Site Placement in Relation to Traffic ........................................................................................................................96
6.3.12 UE Capability ............................................................................................................................................................................96
6.3.13 User Traffic Mix and Call Modelling ..........................................................................................................................................97
6.3.14 Time Slot Allocation for Uplink and Downlink – TDD specific ....................................................................................................97
6.3.15 Cyclical Prefix Allocation ...........................................................................................................................................................98
6.4 S1 Bandwidth Dimensioning Procedure .....................................................................................................98
6.5 X2 Bandwidth Dimensioning Procedure ....................................................................................................99
6.6 Impact of Latency of X2 on Cell Throughput ...........................................................................................100
6.7 Inter Radio Access Technology Handover Considerations ........................................................................100
7 U-Net Simulation and Operation ............................................................................................................103
7.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................103
7.2 Simulation Process ..................................................................................................................................103
7.3 Creating Project ......................................................................................................................................104
7.4 Geographical Information .......................................................................................................................104
7.4.1 Quick Import Function .............................................................................................................................................................104
7.4.2 Defining Coordinate Systems ....................................................................................................................................................105
7.4.3 Properties of Clutter Class ........................................................................................................................................................106
7.5 Equipment Parameter .............................................................................................................................107
7.5.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................................................................107
7.5.2 Network Settings .....................................................................................................................................................................107
7.5.3 Equipment ...............................................................................................................................................................................113
7.5.4 Site, Cell and Transmitter Listing ..............................................................................................................................................113
7.5.5 Viewing “Hidden” Parameters ..................................................................................................................................................115
7.5.6 Propagation Model Selection ...................................................................................................................................................115
7.5.7 Clutter Related Modelling ........................................................................................................................................................118
7.5.8 Impact of Parameter Setting on Prediction and Simulation .......................................................................................................118
7.6 Engineering Parameter ............................................................................................................................119
7.6.1 Power Setting ..........................................................................................................................................................................119
7.6.2 Load Setting ............................................................................................................................................................................121
7.6.3 Frequency Planning ..................................................................................................................................................................122
7.6.4 Scheduling Parameters .............................................................................................................................................................125
7.6.5 Antenna Property .....................................................................................................................................................................126
7.6.6 Properties of a Single Transmitter .............................................................................................................................................128
7.6.7 Properties of a eNodeB Template .............................................................................................................................................130
7.7 LTE Traffic Model Parameters ..................................................................................................................132
7.7.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................................................................132
7.7.2 Environments ...........................................................................................................................................................................132
7.7.3 User Profiles .............................................................................................................................................................................133
7.7.4 Terminals .................................................................................................................................................................................134
7.7.5 Mobility Types ..........................................................................................................................................................................135
7.7.6 Services ....................................................................................................................................................................................136
7.7.7 Traffic Map ..............................................................................................................................................................................137
7.8 Prediction and Simulation .......................................................................................................................141
7.8.1 Predictions ...............................................................................................................................................................................141
7.8.2 Simulation ................................................................................................................................................................................145
7.9 Point Analysis Tool ..................................................................................................................................151
7.9.1 Profile ......................................................................................................................................................................................151
7.9.2 Reception ................................................................................................................................................................................151
7.9.3 Signal Analysis .........................................................................................................................................................................152
7.9.4 Result ......................................................................................................................................................................................152
7.10 RF Cell Planning Optimization ...............................................................................................................152
7.11 U-Net Planning Case .............................................................................................................................154
7.11.1 Overview of Planning Area .....................................................................................................................................................154
7.11.2 Site Distribution .....................................................................................................................................................................155
7.11.3 Parameter Configuration and General Assumption .................................................................................................................156
7.11.4 Network Coverage Predictions ...............................................................................................................................................157
7.11.5 Network Capacity Simulation .................................................................................................................................................160
8 LTE Network Key Performance Indicators ...............................................................................................163
8.1 KPI Measurement Methodology ..............................................................................................................163
8.2 KPI Acceptance Procedure ......................................................................................................................163
8.3 Service KPIs and Network KPIs ................................................................................................................164
8.4 Cluster and Test Route ............................................................................................................................164
8.5 Proposed Key Performance Indicators .....................................................................................................165
8.6 Proposed KPIs for Final Acceptance (Stability Acceptance, Optional) .......................................................165
9 Network Planning Checklist ...................................................................................................................166
9.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................166
9.2 Checklist Items Consideration .................................................................................................................166
9.2.1 Understanding Customer Spectrum Bandwidth Availability .......................................................................................................166
9.2.2 Actual Frequency Band Allocation for LTE .................................................................................................................................166
9.2.3 Frequency Band Refarming Requirement for LTE ......................................................................................................................167
9.2.4 Location of Customer Coverage Requirement ...........................................................................................................................167
9.2.5 Highway and Tunnel Coverage Requirement ............................................................................................................................168
9.2.6 Evaluate Existing Network Condition for InterRAT ....................................................................................................................168
9.2.7 Terrain and Clutter Database Availability and Accuracy .............................................................................................................168
9.2.8 Scheduler Selection ..................................................................................................................................................................169
9.2.9 Indoor Coverage Requirement .................................................................................................................................................169
9.2.10 Cell Edge Throughput Requirement ........................................................................................................................................169
9.2.11 Call Model and SmartPhone Penetration Growth Considerations ............................................................................................169
9.2.12 Base Station Antenna and Other Co-siting Equipment Selection .............................................................................................170
9.2.13 Interference Protection and Isolation Requirement .................................................................................................................170
9.2.14 Radio Related Equipment Selection ........................................................................................................................................171
9.2.15 Network and Spectrum Evolution Consideration ....................................................................................................................171
9.2.16 MIMO and Beam Forming Implementation ............................................................................................................................171
9.2.17 Cyclic Prefix Planning .............................................................................................................................................................171
9.2.18 Understanding of Current Transmission Backhaul Network Capability .....................................................................................172
9.2.19 UE Distribution and Channel Model : Pedestrian vs High Mobility ...........................................................................................172
9.2.20 TDD Specific Uplink and Downlink Configuration ...................................................................................................................172
9.2.21 Power Boosting Configuration ...............................................................................................................................................172
10 Appendix: RF Antenna Systems ..............................................................................................................174
10.1 Overview ..............................................................................................................................................174
10.2 Antenna Classification ..........................................................................................................................174
10.2.1 Frequency ..............................................................................................................................................................................174
10.2.2 Directivity ...............................................................................................................................................................................174
10.3 Main Specifications of Antenna ............................................................................................................174
10.3.1 Work Band .............................................................................................................................................................................175
10.3.2 Antenna Gain .........................................................................................................................................................................175
10.3.3 Antenna Pattern .....................................................................................................................................................................176
10.3.4 Beamwidth ............................................................................................................................................................................177
10.3.5 Relation between Beamwidth and Gain .................................................................................................................................177
10.3.6 Front-to-rear Ratio .................................................................................................................................................................178
10.3.7 Upper Side Lobe Suppression .................................................................................................................................................178
10.3.8 Polarization Mode ..................................................................................................................................................................179
10.3.9 Down Tilt ...............................................................................................................................................................................179
10.3.10 VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio) ...................................................................................................................................179
10.3.11 Port Isolation .......................................................................................................................................................................180
10.3.12 Power Capacity ....................................................................................................................................................................180
10.3.13 Input Port of Antenna ..........................................................................................................................................................180
10.3.14 Passive Intermodulation (PIM) ..............................................................................................................................................180
10.3.15 Dimensions and Weight of Antenna .....................................................................................................................................181
10.3.16 Wind Load ...........................................................................................................................................................................181
10.3.17 Work Temperature and Humidity .........................................................................................................................................181
10.3.18 Lightning Protection .............................................................................................................................................................181
10.3.19 Three-proof Capability ..........................................................................................................................................................181
10.3.20 Camouflaged Antenna Scheme for Sites ...............................................................................................................................181
10.3.21 Customized Camouflage ......................................................................................................................................................182
10.3.22 Outlook Camouflage ............................................................................................................................................................183
10.3.23 Antenna Camouflage in Special Environment .......................................................................................................................183
11 References ...........................................................................................................................................184