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LTE for UMTS –OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
List of Abbreviations xvii
1 Introduction 1
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
1.1 Mobile Voice Subscriber Growth 1
1.2 Mobile Data Usage Growth 2
1.3 Wireline Technologies Evolution 3
1.4 Motivation and Targets for LTE 4
1.5 Overview of LTE 5
1.6 3GPP Family of Technologies 7
1.7 Wireless Spectrum 8
1.8 New Spectrum Identifi ed by WRC-07 10
1.9 LTE-Advanced 11
2 LTE Standardization 13
Antti Toskala
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Overview of 3GPP Releases and Process 13
2.3 LTE Targets 14
2.4 LTE Standardization Phases 16
2.5 Evolution Beyond Release 8 18
2.6 LTE-Advanced for IMT-Advanced 19
2.7 LTE Specifi cations and 3GPP Structure 21
References 22
3 System Architecture Based on 3GPP SAE 23
Atte Länsisalmi and Antti Toskala
3.1 System Architecture Evolution in 3GPP 23
3.2 Basic System Architecture Confi guration with only E-UTRAN Access Network 25
vi Contents
3.2.1 Overview of Basic System Architecture Confi guration 25
3.2.2 Logical Elements in Basic System Architecture Confi guration 26
3.2.3 Self-confi guration of S1-MME and X2 interfaces 34
3.2.4 Interfaces and Protocols in Basic System Architecture Confi guration 35
3.2.5 Roaming in Basic System Architecture Confi guration 39
3.3 System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Legacy 3GPP Access Networks 40
3.3.1 Overview of 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Confi guration 40
3.3.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System
Architecture Confi guration 42
3.3.3 Interfaces and Protocols in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture
Confi guration 44
3.3.4 Inter-working with Legacy 3GPP CS Infrastructure 44
3.4 System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Non-3GPP Access Networks 45
3.4.1 Overview of 3GPP and Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture
Confi guration 45
3.4.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System
Architecture Confi guration 47
3.4.3 Interfaces and Protocols in Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture
Confi guration 50
3.4.4 Roaming in Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Confi guration 51
3.5 Inter-working with cdma2000® Access Networks 51
3.5.1 Architecture for cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 51
3.5.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements for cdma2000® HRPD Interworking
54
3.5.3 Protocols and Interfaces in cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 55
3.5.4 Inter-working with cdma2000® 1xRTT 56
3.6 IMS Architecture 56
3.6.1 Overview 56
3.6.2 Session Management and Routing 58
3.6.3 Databases 59
3.6.4 Services Elements 59
3.6.5 Inter-working Elements 59
3.7 PCC and QoS 60
3.7.1 PCC 60
3.7.2 QoS 63
References 65
4 Introduction to OFDMA and SC-FDMA and to MIMO in LTE 67
Antti Toskala and Timo Lunttila
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 LTE Multiple Access Background 67
4.3 OFDMA Basics 70
4.4 SC-FDMA Basics 76
4.5 MIMO Basics 80
4.6 Summary 82
References 82
Contents vii
5 Physical Layer 83
Antti Toskala, Timo Lunttila, Esa Tiirola, Kari Hooli and Juha Korhonen
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels 83
5.3 Modulation 85
5.4 Uplink User Data Transmission 86
5.5 Downlink User Data Transmission 89
5.6 Uplink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission 93
5.6.1 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) 94
5.6.2 PUCCH Confi guration 97
5.6.3 Control Signaling on PUSCH 101
5.6.4 Uplink Reference Signals 103
5.7 PRACH Structure 109
5.7.1 Physical Random Access Channel 109
5.7.2 Preamble Sequence 110
5.8 Downlink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission 112
5.8.1 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) 112
5.8.2 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) 113
5.8.3 Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) 115
5.8.4 Downlink Transmission Modes 115
5.8.5 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) 116
5.8.6 Synchronization Signal 117
5.9 Physical Layer Procedures 117
5.9.1 HARQ Procedure 118
5.9.2 Timing Advance 119
5.9.3 Power Control 119
5.9.4 Paging 120
5.9.5 Random Access Procedure 120
5.9.6 Channel Feedback Reporting Procedure 123
5.9.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Technology 129
5.9.8 Cell Search Procedure 130
5.9.9 Half Duplex Operation 130
5.10 UE Capability Classes and Supported Features 131
5.11 Physical Layer Measurements 132
5.11.1 eNodeB Measurements 132
5.11.2 UE Measurements and Measurement Procedure 133
5.12 Physical Layer Parameter Confi guration 133
5.13 Summary 134
References 135
6 LTE Radio Protocols 137
Antti Toskala and Woonhee Hwang
6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 Protocol Architecture 137
6.3 Medium Access Control 139
6.3.1 Logical Channels 140
6.3.2 Data Flow in MAC Layer 142
viii Contents
6.4 Radio Link Control Layer 143
6.4.1 RLC Modes of Operation 144
6.4.2 Data Flow in RLC Layer 145
6.5 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 145
6.6 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 146
6.6.1 UE States and State Transitions Including Inter-RAT 147
6.6.2 RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures 148
6.7 X2 Interface Protocols 158
6.7.1 Handover on X2 Interface 159
6.7.2 Load Management 160
6.8 Early UE Handling in LTE 162
6.9 Summary 162
References 163
7 Mobility 165
Chris Callender, Harri Holma, Jarkko Koskela and Jussi Reunanen
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 166
7.2.1 Overview of Idle Mode Mobility 166
7.2.2 Cell Selection and Reselection Process 167
7.2.3 Tracking Area Optimization 169
7.3 Intra-LTE Handovers 170
7.3.1 Procedure 170
7.3.2 Signaling 171
7.3.3 Handover Measurements 174
7.3.4 Automatic Neighbor Relations 174
7.3.5 Handover Frequency 175
7.3.6 Handover Delay 177
7.4 Inter-system Handovers 177
7.5 Differences in E-UTRAN and UTRAN Mobility 178
7.6 Summary 179
References 180
8 Radio Resource Management 181
Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Daniela Laselva, Klaus Pedersen, Claudio Rosa
and Ingo Viering
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 Overview of RRM Algorithms 181
8.3 Admission Control and QoS Parameters 182
8.4 Downlink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation 184
8.4.1 Layer 2 Scheduling and Link Adaptation Framework 184
8.4.2 Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling 185
8.4.3 Combined Time and Frequency Domain Scheduling Algorithms 187
8.4.4 Packet Scheduling with MIMO 188
8.4.5 Downlink Packet Scheduling Illustrations 189
8.5 Uplink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation 192
8.5.1 Signaling to Support Uplink Link Adaptation and Packet Scheduling 196
Contents ix
8.5.2 Uplink Link Adaptation 199
8.5.3 Uplink Packet Scheduling 200
8.6 Interference Management and Power Settings 204
8.6.1 Downlink Transmit Power Settings 205
8.6.2 Uplink Interference Coordination 206
8.7 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 207
8.8 RRC Connection Maintenance 209
8.9 Summary 209
References 210
9 Performance 213
Harri Holma, Pasi Kinnunen, István Z. Kovács, Kari Pajukoski, Klaus Pedersen
and Jussi Reunanen
9.1 Introduction 213
9.2 Layer 1 Peak Bit Rates 213
9.3 Terminal Categories 216
9.4 Link Level Performance 217
9.4.1 Downlink Link Performance 217
9.4.2 Uplink Link Performance 219
9.5 Link Budgets 222
9.6 Spectral Effi ciency 224
9.6.1 System Deployment Scenarios 224
9.6.2 Downlink System Performance 228
9.6.3 Uplink System Performance 231
9.6.4 Multi-antenna MIMO Evolution Beyond 2 × 2 234
9.6.5 Higher Order Sectorization (Six Sectors) 238
9.6.6 Spectral Effi ciency as a Function of LTE Bandwidth 240
9.6.7 Spectral Effi ciency Evaluation in 3GPP 242
9.6.8 Benchmarking LTE to HSPA 243
9.7 Latency 244
9.7.1 User Plane Latency 244
9.8 LTE Refarming to GSM Spectrum 246
9.9 Dimensioning 247
9.10 Capacity Management Examples from HSPA Networks 249
9.10.1 Data Volume Analysis 250
9.10.2 Cell Performance Analysis 252
9.11 Summary 256
References 257
10 Voice over IP (VoIP) 259
Harri Holma, Juha Kallio, Markku Kuusela, Petteri Lundén, Esa Malkamäki,
Jussi Ojala and Haiming Wang
10.1 Introduction 259
10.2 VoIP Codecs 259
10.3 VoIP Requirements 261
10.4 Delay Budget 262
10.5 Scheduling and Control Channels 263
x Contents
10.6 LTE Voice Capacity 265
10.7 Voice Capacity Evolution 271
10.8 Uplink Coverage 273
10.9 Circuit Switched Fallback for LTE 275
10.10 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC) 277
10.11 Summary 280
References 281
11 Performance Requirements 283
Andrea Ancora, Iwajlo Angelow, Dominique Brunel, Chris Callender, Harri
Holma, Peter Muszynski, Earl McCune and Laurent Noël
11.1 Introduction 283
11.2 Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangements 283
11.2.1 Frequency Bands 283
11.2.2 Channel Bandwidth 285
11.2.3 Channel Arrangements 287
11.3 eNodeB RF Transmitter 288
11.3.1 Operating Band Unwanted Emissions 288
11.3.2 Coexistence with Other Systems on Adjacent Carriers Within the Same
Operating Band 290
11.3.3 Coexistence with Other Systems in Adjacent Operating Bands 292
11.3.4 Transmitted Signal Quality 295
11.4 eNodeB RF Receiver 300
11.4.1 Reference Sensitivity Level 300
11.4.2 Dynamic Range 301
11.4.3 In-channel Selectivity 301
11.4.4 Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) and Narrow-band Blocking 303
11.4.5 Blocking 304
11.4.6 Receiver Spurious Emissions 306
11.4.7 Receiver Intermodulation 306
11.5 eNodeB Demodulation Performance 307
11.5.1 PUSCH 307
11.5.2 PUCCH 309
11.5.3 PRACH 310
11.6 UE Design Principles and Challenges 311
11.6.1 Introduction 311
11.6.2 RF Subsystem Design Challenges 311
11.6.3 RF–Baseband Interface Design Challenges 318
11.6.4 LTE vs HSDPA Baseband Design Complexity 324
11.7 UE RF Transmitter 327
11.7.1 LTE UE Transmitter Requirement 327
11.7.2 LTE Transmit Modulation Accuracy, EVM 328
11.7.3 Desensitization for Band and Bandwidth Combinations (Desense) 329
11.7.4 Transmitter Architecture 329
11.8 UE RF Receiver Requirements 331
11.8.1 Reference Sensitivity Level 331
11.8.2 Introduction to UE Self-desensitization Contributors in FDD UEs 336
Contents xi
11.8.3 ACS, Narrowband Blockers and ADC Design Challenges 341
11.8.4 EVM Contributors: A Comparison Between LTE and WCDMA
Receivers 348
11.9 UE Demodulation Performance 352
11.9.1 Transmission Modes 352
11.9.2 Channel Modeling and Estimation 354
11.9.3 Demodulation Performance 356
11.10 Requirements for Radio Resource Management 358
11.10.1 Idle State Mobility 360
11.10.2 Connected State Mobility when DRX is Not Active 360
11.10.3 Connected State Mobility when DRX is Active 362
11.10.4 Handover Execution Performance Requirements 363
11.11 Summary 364
References 364
12 LTE TDD Mode 367
Che Xiangguang, Troels Kolding, Peter Skov, Wang Haiming and Antti Toskala
12.1 Introduction 367
12.2 LTE TDD Fundamentals 368
12.2.1 LTE TDD Frame Structure 369
12.2.2 Asymmetric Uplink/Downlink Capacity Allocation 371
12.2.3 Co-existence with TD-SCDMA 371
12.2.4 Channel Reciprocity 372
12.2.5 Multiple Access Schemes 373
12.3 TDD Control Design 374
12.3.1 Common Control Channels 374
12.3.2 Sounding Reference Signal 376
12.3.3 HARQ Process and Timing 376
12.3.4 HARQ Design for UL TTI Bundling 379
12.3.5 UL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission 380
12.3.6 DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission 380
12.3.7 DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission with SRI and/or CQI over
PUCCH 381
12.4 Semi-persistent Scheduling 381
12.5 MIMO and Dedicated Reference Signals 383
12.6 LTE TDD Performance 385
12.6.1 Link Performance 386
12.6.2 Link Budget and Coverage for TDD System 386
12.6.3 System Level Performance 389
12.6.4 Evolution of LTE TDD 396
12.7 Summary 396
References 397
13 HSPA Evolution 399
Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala
13.1 Introduction 399
13.2 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 400
xii Contents
13.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA 401
13.4 Enhanced FACH and RACH 404
13.5 Downlink MIMO and 64QAM 405
13.6 Dual Carrier HSDPA 407
13.7 Uplink 16QAM 409
13.8 Layer 2 Optimization 410
13.9 Single Frequency Network (SFN) MBMS 411
13.10 Architecture Evolution 412
13.11 Summary 414
References 415
Index
9247
9248
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Download the following.
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LTE for UMTS –OFDMA and SC-FDMA Based Radio Access
Contents
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
List of Abbreviations xvii
1 Introduction 1
Harri Holma and Antti Toskala
1.1 Mobile Voice Subscriber Growth 1
1.2 Mobile Data Usage Growth 2
1.3 Wireline Technologies Evolution 3
1.4 Motivation and Targets for LTE 4
1.5 Overview of LTE 5
1.6 3GPP Family of Technologies 7
1.7 Wireless Spectrum 8
1.8 New Spectrum Identifi ed by WRC-07 10
1.9 LTE-Advanced 11
2 LTE Standardization 13
Antti Toskala
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Overview of 3GPP Releases and Process 13
2.3 LTE Targets 14
2.4 LTE Standardization Phases 16
2.5 Evolution Beyond Release 8 18
2.6 LTE-Advanced for IMT-Advanced 19
2.7 LTE Specifi cations and 3GPP Structure 21
References 22
3 System Architecture Based on 3GPP SAE 23
Atte Länsisalmi and Antti Toskala
3.1 System Architecture Evolution in 3GPP 23
3.2 Basic System Architecture Confi guration with only E-UTRAN Access Network 25
vi Contents
3.2.1 Overview of Basic System Architecture Confi guration 25
3.2.2 Logical Elements in Basic System Architecture Confi guration 26
3.2.3 Self-confi guration of S1-MME and X2 interfaces 34
3.2.4 Interfaces and Protocols in Basic System Architecture Confi guration 35
3.2.5 Roaming in Basic System Architecture Confi guration 39
3.3 System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Legacy 3GPP Access Networks 40
3.3.1 Overview of 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Confi guration 40
3.3.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System
Architecture Confi guration 42
3.3.3 Interfaces and Protocols in 3GPP Inter-working System Architecture
Confi guration 44
3.3.4 Inter-working with Legacy 3GPP CS Infrastructure 44
3.4 System Architecture with E-UTRAN and Non-3GPP Access Networks 45
3.4.1 Overview of 3GPP and Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture
Confi guration 45
3.4.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements in 3GPP Inter-working System
Architecture Confi guration 47
3.4.3 Interfaces and Protocols in Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture
Confi guration 50
3.4.4 Roaming in Non-3GPP Inter-working System Architecture Confi guration 51
3.5 Inter-working with cdma2000® Access Networks 51
3.5.1 Architecture for cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 51
3.5.2 Additional and Updated Logical Elements for cdma2000® HRPD Interworking
54
3.5.3 Protocols and Interfaces in cdma2000® HRPD Inter-working 55
3.5.4 Inter-working with cdma2000® 1xRTT 56
3.6 IMS Architecture 56
3.6.1 Overview 56
3.6.2 Session Management and Routing 58
3.6.3 Databases 59
3.6.4 Services Elements 59
3.6.5 Inter-working Elements 59
3.7 PCC and QoS 60
3.7.1 PCC 60
3.7.2 QoS 63
References 65
4 Introduction to OFDMA and SC-FDMA and to MIMO in LTE 67
Antti Toskala and Timo Lunttila
4.1 Introduction 67
4.2 LTE Multiple Access Background 67
4.3 OFDMA Basics 70
4.4 SC-FDMA Basics 76
4.5 MIMO Basics 80
4.6 Summary 82
References 82
Contents vii
5 Physical Layer 83
Antti Toskala, Timo Lunttila, Esa Tiirola, Kari Hooli and Juha Korhonen
5.1 Introduction 83
5.2 Transport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical Channels 83
5.3 Modulation 85
5.4 Uplink User Data Transmission 86
5.5 Downlink User Data Transmission 89
5.6 Uplink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission 93
5.6.1 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) 94
5.6.2 PUCCH Confi guration 97
5.6.3 Control Signaling on PUSCH 101
5.6.4 Uplink Reference Signals 103
5.7 PRACH Structure 109
5.7.1 Physical Random Access Channel 109
5.7.2 Preamble Sequence 110
5.8 Downlink Physical Layer Signaling Transmission 112
5.8.1 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) 112
5.8.2 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) 113
5.8.3 Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) 115
5.8.4 Downlink Transmission Modes 115
5.8.5 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) 116
5.8.6 Synchronization Signal 117
5.9 Physical Layer Procedures 117
5.9.1 HARQ Procedure 118
5.9.2 Timing Advance 119
5.9.3 Power Control 119
5.9.4 Paging 120
5.9.5 Random Access Procedure 120
5.9.6 Channel Feedback Reporting Procedure 123
5.9.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Antenna Technology 129
5.9.8 Cell Search Procedure 130
5.9.9 Half Duplex Operation 130
5.10 UE Capability Classes and Supported Features 131
5.11 Physical Layer Measurements 132
5.11.1 eNodeB Measurements 132
5.11.2 UE Measurements and Measurement Procedure 133
5.12 Physical Layer Parameter Confi guration 133
5.13 Summary 134
References 135
6 LTE Radio Protocols 137
Antti Toskala and Woonhee Hwang
6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 Protocol Architecture 137
6.3 Medium Access Control 139
6.3.1 Logical Channels 140
6.3.2 Data Flow in MAC Layer 142
viii Contents
6.4 Radio Link Control Layer 143
6.4.1 RLC Modes of Operation 144
6.4.2 Data Flow in RLC Layer 145
6.5 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 145
6.6 Radio Resource Control (RRC) 146
6.6.1 UE States and State Transitions Including Inter-RAT 147
6.6.2 RRC Functions and Signaling Procedures 148
6.7 X2 Interface Protocols 158
6.7.1 Handover on X2 Interface 159
6.7.2 Load Management 160
6.8 Early UE Handling in LTE 162
6.9 Summary 162
References 163
7 Mobility 165
Chris Callender, Harri Holma, Jarkko Koskela and Jussi Reunanen
7.1 Introduction 165
7.2 Mobility Management in Idle State 166
7.2.1 Overview of Idle Mode Mobility 166
7.2.2 Cell Selection and Reselection Process 167
7.2.3 Tracking Area Optimization 169
7.3 Intra-LTE Handovers 170
7.3.1 Procedure 170
7.3.2 Signaling 171
7.3.3 Handover Measurements 174
7.3.4 Automatic Neighbor Relations 174
7.3.5 Handover Frequency 175
7.3.6 Handover Delay 177
7.4 Inter-system Handovers 177
7.5 Differences in E-UTRAN and UTRAN Mobility 178
7.6 Summary 179
References 180
8 Radio Resource Management 181
Harri Holma, Troels Kolding, Daniela Laselva, Klaus Pedersen, Claudio Rosa
and Ingo Viering
8.1 Introduction 181
8.2 Overview of RRM Algorithms 181
8.3 Admission Control and QoS Parameters 182
8.4 Downlink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation 184
8.4.1 Layer 2 Scheduling and Link Adaptation Framework 184
8.4.2 Frequency Domain Packet Scheduling 185
8.4.3 Combined Time and Frequency Domain Scheduling Algorithms 187
8.4.4 Packet Scheduling with MIMO 188
8.4.5 Downlink Packet Scheduling Illustrations 189
8.5 Uplink Dynamic Scheduling and Link Adaptation 192
8.5.1 Signaling to Support Uplink Link Adaptation and Packet Scheduling 196
Contents ix
8.5.2 Uplink Link Adaptation 199
8.5.3 Uplink Packet Scheduling 200
8.6 Interference Management and Power Settings 204
8.6.1 Downlink Transmit Power Settings 205
8.6.2 Uplink Interference Coordination 206
8.7 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 207
8.8 RRC Connection Maintenance 209
8.9 Summary 209
References 210
9 Performance 213
Harri Holma, Pasi Kinnunen, István Z. Kovács, Kari Pajukoski, Klaus Pedersen
and Jussi Reunanen
9.1 Introduction 213
9.2 Layer 1 Peak Bit Rates 213
9.3 Terminal Categories 216
9.4 Link Level Performance 217
9.4.1 Downlink Link Performance 217
9.4.2 Uplink Link Performance 219
9.5 Link Budgets 222
9.6 Spectral Effi ciency 224
9.6.1 System Deployment Scenarios 224
9.6.2 Downlink System Performance 228
9.6.3 Uplink System Performance 231
9.6.4 Multi-antenna MIMO Evolution Beyond 2 × 2 234
9.6.5 Higher Order Sectorization (Six Sectors) 238
9.6.6 Spectral Effi ciency as a Function of LTE Bandwidth 240
9.6.7 Spectral Effi ciency Evaluation in 3GPP 242
9.6.8 Benchmarking LTE to HSPA 243
9.7 Latency 244
9.7.1 User Plane Latency 244
9.8 LTE Refarming to GSM Spectrum 246
9.9 Dimensioning 247
9.10 Capacity Management Examples from HSPA Networks 249
9.10.1 Data Volume Analysis 250
9.10.2 Cell Performance Analysis 252
9.11 Summary 256
References 257
10 Voice over IP (VoIP) 259
Harri Holma, Juha Kallio, Markku Kuusela, Petteri Lundén, Esa Malkamäki,
Jussi Ojala and Haiming Wang
10.1 Introduction 259
10.2 VoIP Codecs 259
10.3 VoIP Requirements 261
10.4 Delay Budget 262
10.5 Scheduling and Control Channels 263
x Contents
10.6 LTE Voice Capacity 265
10.7 Voice Capacity Evolution 271
10.8 Uplink Coverage 273
10.9 Circuit Switched Fallback for LTE 275
10.10 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SR-VCC) 277
10.11 Summary 280
References 281
11 Performance Requirements 283
Andrea Ancora, Iwajlo Angelow, Dominique Brunel, Chris Callender, Harri
Holma, Peter Muszynski, Earl McCune and Laurent Noël
11.1 Introduction 283
11.2 Frequency Bands and Channel Arrangements 283
11.2.1 Frequency Bands 283
11.2.2 Channel Bandwidth 285
11.2.3 Channel Arrangements 287
11.3 eNodeB RF Transmitter 288
11.3.1 Operating Band Unwanted Emissions 288
11.3.2 Coexistence with Other Systems on Adjacent Carriers Within the Same
Operating Band 290
11.3.3 Coexistence with Other Systems in Adjacent Operating Bands 292
11.3.4 Transmitted Signal Quality 295
11.4 eNodeB RF Receiver 300
11.4.1 Reference Sensitivity Level 300
11.4.2 Dynamic Range 301
11.4.3 In-channel Selectivity 301
11.4.4 Adjacent Channel Selectivity (ACS) and Narrow-band Blocking 303
11.4.5 Blocking 304
11.4.6 Receiver Spurious Emissions 306
11.4.7 Receiver Intermodulation 306
11.5 eNodeB Demodulation Performance 307
11.5.1 PUSCH 307
11.5.2 PUCCH 309
11.5.3 PRACH 310
11.6 UE Design Principles and Challenges 311
11.6.1 Introduction 311
11.6.2 RF Subsystem Design Challenges 311
11.6.3 RF–Baseband Interface Design Challenges 318
11.6.4 LTE vs HSDPA Baseband Design Complexity 324
11.7 UE RF Transmitter 327
11.7.1 LTE UE Transmitter Requirement 327
11.7.2 LTE Transmit Modulation Accuracy, EVM 328
11.7.3 Desensitization for Band and Bandwidth Combinations (Desense) 329
11.7.4 Transmitter Architecture 329
11.8 UE RF Receiver Requirements 331
11.8.1 Reference Sensitivity Level 331
11.8.2 Introduction to UE Self-desensitization Contributors in FDD UEs 336
Contents xi
11.8.3 ACS, Narrowband Blockers and ADC Design Challenges 341
11.8.4 EVM Contributors: A Comparison Between LTE and WCDMA
Receivers 348
11.9 UE Demodulation Performance 352
11.9.1 Transmission Modes 352
11.9.2 Channel Modeling and Estimation 354
11.9.3 Demodulation Performance 356
11.10 Requirements for Radio Resource Management 358
11.10.1 Idle State Mobility 360
11.10.2 Connected State Mobility when DRX is Not Active 360
11.10.3 Connected State Mobility when DRX is Active 362
11.10.4 Handover Execution Performance Requirements 363
11.11 Summary 364
References 364
12 LTE TDD Mode 367
Che Xiangguang, Troels Kolding, Peter Skov, Wang Haiming and Antti Toskala
12.1 Introduction 367
12.2 LTE TDD Fundamentals 368
12.2.1 LTE TDD Frame Structure 369
12.2.2 Asymmetric Uplink/Downlink Capacity Allocation 371
12.2.3 Co-existence with TD-SCDMA 371
12.2.4 Channel Reciprocity 372
12.2.5 Multiple Access Schemes 373
12.3 TDD Control Design 374
12.3.1 Common Control Channels 374
12.3.2 Sounding Reference Signal 376
12.3.3 HARQ Process and Timing 376
12.3.4 HARQ Design for UL TTI Bundling 379
12.3.5 UL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission 380
12.3.6 DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission 380
12.3.7 DL HARQ-ACK/NACK Transmission with SRI and/or CQI over
PUCCH 381
12.4 Semi-persistent Scheduling 381
12.5 MIMO and Dedicated Reference Signals 383
12.6 LTE TDD Performance 385
12.6.1 Link Performance 386
12.6.2 Link Budget and Coverage for TDD System 386
12.6.3 System Level Performance 389
12.6.4 Evolution of LTE TDD 396
12.7 Summary 396
References 397
13 HSPA Evolution 399
Harri Holma, Karri Ranta-aho and Antti Toskala
13.1 Introduction 399
13.2 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX) 400
xii Contents
13.3 Circuit Switched Voice on HSPA 401
13.4 Enhanced FACH and RACH 404
13.5 Downlink MIMO and 64QAM 405
13.6 Dual Carrier HSDPA 407
13.7 Uplink 16QAM 409
13.8 Layer 2 Optimization 410
13.9 Single Frequency Network (SFN) MBMS 411
13.10 Architecture Evolution 412
13.11 Summary 414
References 415
Index
9247
9248
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