PART I INTRODUCTION
1 Modern Approaches to Radio Network Modelling and Planning
Maciej J. Nawrocki, Mischa Dohler and A. Hamid Aghvami
1.1 Historical aspects of radio network planning
1.2 Importance and limitations of modelling approaches
1.3 Manual versus automated planning
References
2 Introduction to the UTRA FDD Radio Interface
Peter Gould
2.1 Introduction to CDMA-based networks
2.2 The UTRA FDD air interface
2.2.1 Spreading codes
2.2.2 Common physical channels
2.2.3 Dedicated physical channels
2.3 UTRA FDD key mechanisms
2.3.1 Cell breathing and soft capacity
2.3.2 Interference and power control
2.3.3 Soft handover and compressed mode
2.4 Parameters that require planning
2.4.1 Signal path parameters
2.4.2 Power allocation
2.4.3 System settings
References
3 Spectrum and Service Aspects
Maciej J. Grzybkowski, Ziemowit Neyman and Marcin Ney
3.1 Spectrum aspects
3.1.1 Spectrum requirements for UMTS
3.1.2 Spectrum identified for UMTS
3.1.3 Frequency arrangements for the UMTS terrestrial component
3.1.4 Operator spectrum demands
3.2 Service features and characteristics
References
4 Trends for the Near Future
Maciej J. Nawrocki, Mischa Dohler and A. Hamid Aghvami
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Systems yet to be deployed
4.2.1 UTRA TDD
4.2.2 TD-SCDMA
4.2.3 Satellite segment
4.3 Enhanced coverage
4.3.1 Ultra High Sites (UHS)
4.3.2 High Altitude Platform System (HAPS)
4.4 Enhanced capacity
4.4.1 Hierarchical Cell Structures (HCS)
4.4.2 High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
4.4.3 High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA)
4.4.4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation (OFDM)
4.5 Heterogeneous approaches
4.5.1 Wireless LANs
4.5.2 Wireless MANs (WiMAX)
4.6 Concluding Remarks
References
PART II MODELLING
5 Propagation Modelling
Kamil Staniec, Maciej J. Grzybkowski and Karsten Erlebach
5.1 Radio channels in wideband CDMA systems
5.1.1 Electromagnetic wave propagation
5.1.2 Wideband radio channel characterisation
5.1.3 Introduction to deterministic methods in modelling WCDMA systems
5.1.4 Deterministic methods: comparison of performance
5.2 Application of empirical and deterministic models in picocell planning
5.2.1 Techniques for indoor modelling
5.2.2 Techniques for outdoor-to-indoor modelling
5.3 Application of empirical and deterministic models in microcell planning
5.3.1 COST 231 Walfisch–Ikegami model
5.3.2 Manhattan mode
5.3.3 Other microcellular propagation models
5.4 Application of empirical and deterministic models in macrocell planning
5.4.1 Modified Hata
5.4.2 Other models
5.5 Propagation models of interfering signals
5.5.1 ITU-R 1546 model
5.5.2 ITU-R 452 model
5.5.3 Statistics in the Modified Hata model
5.6 Radio propagation model calibration
5.6.1 Tuning algorithms
5.6.2 Single and multiple slope approaches
Appendix: Calculation of inverse complementary cumul
normal distribution function
References
6 Theoretical Models for UMTS Radio Networks
Hans-Florian Geerdes, Andreas Eisenblätter, Piotr M. Słobodzian,
Mikio Iwamura, Mischa Dohler, Rafał Zdunek, Peter Gould and
Maciej J. Nawrocki
6.1 Antenna modelling
6.1.1 Mobile terminal antenna modelling
6.1.2 Base station antenna modelling
6.2 Link level model
6.2.1 Relation to other models
6.2.2 Link level simulation chain
6.2.3 Link level receiver components
6.2.4 Link level receiver detectors
6.3 Capacity considerations
6.3.1 Capacity of a single cell system
6.3.2 Downlink power-limited capacity
6.3.3 Uplink power-limited capacity
6.4 Static system level model
6.4.1 Link level aspects
6.4.2 Propagation data
6.4.3 Equipment modelling
6.4.4 Transmit powers and power control
6.4.5 Services and user-specific properties
6.4.6 Soft handover
6.4.7 Complete model
6.4.8 Applications of a static system-level network model
6.4.9 Power control at cell level
6.4.10 Equation system solving
6.5 Dynamic system level model
6.5.1 Similarities and differences between static and dynamic models
6.5.2 Generic system model
6.5.3 Input/output parameters
6.5.4 Mobility models
6.5.5 Traffic models
6.5.6 Path loss models
6.5.7 Shadowing models
6.5.8 Modelling of small scale fading
6.5.9 SIR calculation
References
7 Business Modelling Goals and Methods
Marcin Ney
7.1 Business modelling goals
7.1.1 New business planning
7.1.2 Infrastructure development
7.1.3 Budgeting
7.2 Business modelling methods
7.2.1 Trends and statistical approach
7.2.2 Benchmarking and drivers
7.2.3 Detailed quantitative models
7.2.4 Other non-quantitative methods
References
PART III PLANNING
8 Fundamentals of Business Planning for Mobile Networks
Marcin Ney
8.1 Process description
8.1.1 Market analysis and forecasting
8.1.2 Modelling the system
8.1.3 Financial issues
8.1.4 Recommendations
8.2 Technical investment calculation
8.2.1 CAPEX calculation methods
8.2.2 OPEX calculation methods
8.2.3 The role of drivers: Sanity checking
8.3 Revenue and non-technical related investment calculation
8.3.1 Input parameters and assumptions
8.3.2 Revenue calculation methods
8.3.3 Non-technical related investments
8.4 Business planning results
8.4.1 Business plan output parameters
8.4.2 Business plan assessment methods
References
9 Fundamentals of Network Characteristics
Maciej J. Nawrocki
9.1 Power characteristics estimation
9.1.1 Distance to home base station dependency
9.1.2 Traffic load dependency
9.2 Network capacity considerations
9.2.1 Irregular base station distribution grid
9.2.2 Improper antenna azimuth arrangement
9.3 Required minimum network size for calculations
References
Contents
10 Fundamentals of Practical Radio Access Network Design
Ziemowit Neyman and Mischa Dohler
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Input parameters
10.2.1 Base station classification
10.2.2 Hardware parameters
10.2.3 Environmental specifics
10.2.4 Technology essentials
10.3 Network dimensioning
10.3.1 Coverage versus capacity
10.3.2 Cell coverage
10.3.3 Cell Erlang capacity
10.4 Detailed network planning
10.4.1 Site-to-site distance and antenna height
10.4.2 Site location
10.4.3 Sectorisation
10.4.4 Antenna and sector direction
10.4.5 Electrical and mechanical tilt
10.4.6 Temporal aspects in HCS
References
11 Compatibility of UMTS Systems
Maciej J. Grzybkowski
11.1 Scenarios of interference
11.1.1 Interference between UMTS and other systems
11.1.2 Intra-system interference
11.2 Approaches to compatibility calculations
11.2.1 Principles of compatibility calculations
11.2.2 Minimum Coupling Loss (MCL) method
11.2.3 Monte Carlo (MC) method
11.2.4 Propagation models for compatibility calculations
11.2.5 Characteristics of UTRA stations for the compatibility calculations
11.3 Internal electromagnetic compatibility
11.4 External electromagnetic compatibility
11.4.1 UMTS TDD versus DECT WLL
11.4.2 Compatibility between UMTS and Radio Astronomy Service
11.4.3 Compatibility between UMTS and MMDS
11.5 International cross-border coordination
11.5.1 Principles of coordination
11.5.2 Propagation models for coordination calculations
11.5.3 Application of preferential frequencies
11.5.4 Use of preferential codes
11.5.5 Examples of coordination agreements
References
12 Network Design – Specialised Aspects
Marcin Ney, Peter Gould and Karsten Erlebach
12.1 Network infrastructure sharing
12.1.1 Network sharing methods
x Contents
12.1.2 Legal aspects
12.1.3 Drivers for sharing
12.2 Adjacent channel interference control
12.3 Fundamentals of Ultra High Site deployment
References
PART IV OPTIMISATION
13 Introduction to Optimisation of the UMTS Radio Network
Roni Abiri and Maciej J. Nawrocki
13.1 Automation of radio network optimisation
13.2 What should be optimised and why?
13.3 How do we benchmark the optimisation results?
13.3.1 Location based information
13.3.2 Sectors and network statistical data
13.3.3 Cost and optimisation efforts
References
14 Theory of Automated Network Optimisation
Alexander Gerdenitsch, Andreas Eisenblätter, Hans-Florian Geerdes, Roni Abiri,
Michael Livschitz, Ziemowit Neyman and Maciej J. Nawrocki
14.1 Introduction
14.1.1 From practice to optimisation models
14.1.2 Optimisation techniques
14.2 Optimisation parameters for static models
14.2.1 Site location and configuration
14.2.2 Antenna related parameter
14.2.3 CPICH power
14.3 Optimisation targets and objective function
14.3.1 Coverage
14.3.2 Capacity
14.3.3 Soft handover areas and pilot pollution
14.3.4 Cost of implementation
14.3.5 Combination and further possibilities
14.3.6 Additional practical and technical constraints
14.3.7 Example of objective function properties
14.4 Network optimisation with evolutionary algorithms
14.4.1 Genetic algorithms
14.4.2 Evolution strategies
14.4.3 Practical implementation of GA for tilt and CPICH
14.5 Optimisation without simulation
14.5.1 Geometry-based configuration methods
14.5.2 Coverage-driven approaches
14.5.3 Advanced models
14.5.4 Expected coupling matrices
14.6 Comparison and suitability of algorithms
14.6.1 General strategies
14.6.2 Discussion of methods
14.6.3 Combination of methods
References
Contents xi
15 Automatic Network Design
Roni Abiri, Ziemowit Neyman, Andreas Eisenblätter and Hans-Florian Geerdes
15.1 The key challenges in UMTS network optimisation
15.1.1 Problem definition
15.1.2 Matching UMTS coverage to GSM
15.1.3 Supporting high bit rate data services
15.1.4 Handling dual technology networks
15.2 Engineering case studies for network optimisation
15.2.1 Example network description
15.2.2 Pre-launched (unloaded) network optimisation
15.2.3 Loaded network optimisation
15.3 Case study: optimising base station location and parameters
15.3.1 Data setting
15.3.2 Optimisation approach
15.3.3 Results
15.3.4 Conclusions
References
16 Auto-tuning of RRM Parameters in UMTS Networks
Zwi Altman, Hervé Dubreil, Ridha Nasri, Ouassim Ben Amor, Jean-Marc Picard,
Vincent Diascorn and Maurice Clerc
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Radio resource management for controlling network quality
16.3 Auto-tuning of RRM parameters
16.3.1 Parameter selection for auto-tuning
16.3.2 Target selection for auto-tuning
16.3.3 Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC)
16.3.4 Case study: Auto-tuning of macrodiversity
16.4 Optimisation strategies of the auto-tuning process
16.4.1 Off-line optimisation using Particle Swarm approach
16.4.2 On-line optimisation using reinforcement learning
16.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
17 UTRAN Transmission Infrastructure Planning and Optimisation
Karsten Erlebach, Zbigniew Jóskiewicz and Marcin Ney
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Short UTRAN overview
17.1.2 Requirements for UTRAN transmission infrastructure
17.2 Protocol solutions for UTRAN transmission infrastructure
17.2.1 Main considerations for ATM layer protocols in current
3G networks
17.2.2 MPLS-architecture for future 3G transmissions
17.2.3 The path to direct IP transmission networking
17.3 End-to-end transmission dimensioning approach
17.3.1 Dimensioning of Node B throughput
17.3.2 Traffic dimensioning of the ATM network
17.3.3 Traffic dimensioning of the IP-Network
xii Cont
17.4 Network solutions for UTRAN transmission infrastructure
17.4.1 Leased lines
17.4.2 Point-to-point systems
17.4.3 Point-to-multipoint systems – LMDS
17.4.4 WiMAX as a potential UTRAN backhaul solution
17.5 Efficient use of WiMAX in UTRAN
17.5.1 Dimensioning of WiMAX for UTRAN infrastructure
17.5.2 Current WiMAX limitations
17.6 Cost-effective radio solution for UTRAN infrastructure
17.6.1 RF planning aspects
17.6.2 Throughput dimensioning
17.6.3 Methods of finding optimal LMDS network configurations
17.6.4 Costs evaluation of UTRAN infrastructure – software example
17.6.5 Example calculations and comparison of results
References
Thanks: 
Understanding UMTS Radio Network Modelling, Planning and Automated Optimization
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