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2011-11-26, 10:12 PM
GSM/GPRS Cell Planning Full Training Course by ENKI Training & Consultancy
00:Table of contents
01:Cell planning introduction
1.1. Cell planning process .......................................... 6
1.2. Cell planning prerequisites................................... 6
1.3. Nominal cell plan.................................................. 7
1.4. Site survey..............................................................8
1.5. System design........................................................8
1.6. System implementation..........................................8
1.7. System tuning ........................................................9
02: GSM and GPRS system description
2.1. The geographical structure of the GSM network ....13
2.1.1. Cell .......................................................................13
2.1.2. Location Area ........................................................13
2.1.3. MSC service area...................................................14
2.1.4. PLMN service area .................................................14
2.1.5. GSM service area...................................................15
2.2. GSM system architecture ........................................15
2.2.1. Switching System (SS) ..........................................16
2.2.2. Base Station System (BSS) .....................................20
2.2.3. Mobile Station (MS)...............................................20
2.3. GPRS system architecture........................................21
2.3.1. GPRS Support Nodes ............................................21
2.3.2. Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) ......................22
2.3.3. Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) ....................22
2.3.4. MSC and SGSN co-operation ...............................23
2.3.5. GPRS Mobile Station ............................................24
2.4. Radio access methods............................................24
2.4.1. Duplex ...............................................................24
2.4.2. Multiple access ..................................................25
2.5. GSM air interface....................................................26
2.5.1. Frequency bands..................................................26
2.5.2. Channel concept .................................................28
2.5.3. GSM logical channels..........................................29
2.5.4. GSM channel configurations ..............................33
2.5.5. Frames structure .................................................37
2.5.6. Burst formats .......................................................38
2.6. GPRS air interface ...................................................40
2.6.1. GPRS logical channels .........................................40
2.6.2. GPRS radio resources ..........................................42
2.6.3. Temporary Block Flow (TBF).................................44
2.6.4. GPRS MS modes ...................................................44
03: Radio wave propagation
3.1. Wireless transmission ...........................................48
3.1.1. Waves ................................................................48
3.1.2. Frequency ..........................................................48
3.1.3. Channels ..........................................................49
3.2. Generation of radio waves.....................................49
3.2.1. Isotropic antenna..............................................50
3.2.2. Half dipol antenna ............................................50
3.2.3. Antenna gain.....................................................50
3.2.4. Antenna radiation pattern ..................................51
3.2.5. Beamwidth..........................................................52
3.3. Radio wave propagation in free space..................52
3.4. Transmission problems........................................55
3.4.1. Path loss............................................................56
3.4.2. Shadowing ........................................................57
3.4.3. Multipath fading ...............................................58
3.4.4. Rayleigh fading (fast fading)..............................58
3.4.5. Time dispersion ................................................61
3.4.6. Time alignment..................................................64
3.5. Interference...........................................................65
3.5.1. Co-channel interference....................................65
3.5.2. Adjacent channel interference ..........................66
04: Channel planning
4.1. Capacity goes with a carrier .................................68
4.2. Channel reuse pattern..........................................68
4.3. Frequency allocation............................................72
4.4. BSIC planning .......................................................74
4.5. Cell planning aspects of GPRS ..............................75
05:Traffic
5.1. Traffic concept.....................................................78
5.1.1. Example 1: traffic per subscriber ......................78
5.1.2. Example 2: traffic in a cell .................................79
5.2. Grade of Service (GoS) ...........................................79
5.3. Erlang B-table .......................................................81
5.3.1. Example 3: number of TRXs in a cell .................81
5.4. Example 4: traffic calculations .............................83
5.5. Traffic distributions..............................................83
5.5.1. Uniform traffic...................................................83
5.5.2. Non-uniform traffic ..........................................83
5.6. SDCCH dimensioning............................................84
5.7. Channel utilization................................................85
5.7.1. Example 5: channel utilization ..........................85
5.8. GPRS capacity........................................................86
5.8.1. Trunking gain ....................................................86
5.8.2. Offered throughput ...........................................86
5.8.3. Example 6: offered throughput..........................88
06:Power balance
6.1. Power budget ......................................................90
6.1.1. Downlink budget .............................................90
6.1.2. Uplink budget ...................................................91
6.1.3. Power balance....................................................91
6.2. MS output power and sensitivity ..........................92
6.3. Duplex and diplex filter ........................................92
6.4. Cable loss .............................................................93
6.5. Diversity gain and slant loss.................................93
6.6. Example: power balance.........................................94
6.7. Effective isotropic Radiated Power (EiRP)...............94
6.8. Flow of coverage calculations...............................95
07: Coverage predictions
7.1. Cell coverage.........................................................98
7.2. Propagation models...............................................98
7.2.1. Okumura-Hata model ........................................99
7.2.2. Simple Okumura-Hata model............................100
7.2.3. COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model.....................102
7.2.4. Propagation models prerequisites.....................104
7.3. Cell size...............................................................105
7.3.1. Large cell .........................................................105
7.3.2. Small cell ..........................................................105
7.3.3. Microcell............................................................106
08: Site survey
8.1. Introduction........................................................108
8.2. Site survey instruments.......................................109
8.2.1. Camera.............................................................109
8.2.2. Compass ......................................................... 110
8.2.3. Map datum.......................................................110
8.2.4. GPS equipment.................................................110
8.2.5. Camera.............................................................110
8.2.6. Measuring tape ...............................................110
8.2.7. Clinometer ......................................................110
8.3. Radio network survey..........................................111
8.3.1. Position relative nominal grid .........................112
8.3.2. Fresnel zone.....................................................113
8.3.3. Space for antennas ...........................................115
8.3.4. Antenna separation ...........................................115
8.3.5. Obstacles..........................................................116
8.3.6. Building selection..............................................116
8.3.7. Site candidates .................................................116
8.3.8. Space for radio equipment...............................116
8.3.9. Power supply ....................................................116
8.3.10. Transmission link ..........................................116
8.3.11. Contract with the owner .................................117
8.4. Survey report........................................................117
09:Network expansion
9.1. Introduction........................................................120
9.2. Ways of capacity improvements ........................120
9.2.1. Cell split..........................................................121
9.2.2. Hierarcical cell structure...................................123
9.2.3. Overlaid/Underlaid subcells ............................124
9.2.4. Dual band system ...........................................124
9.2.5. Half rate ..........................................................124
9.3. Frequency planning techniques ..........................124
9.3.1. Multiple Reuse Pattern (MRP) .............................125
9.3.2. Fractional Load Planning (FLP) ...........................126
10:Radio network procedures
10.1. GSM idle mode cell selection algorithm.............131
10.1.1. Introduction ...........................................131
10.1.2. PLMN selection.......................................132
10.1.3. Cell selection .........................................134
10.1.4. Cell reselection ......................................138
10.1.5. Measurements for cell reselection ..............142
10.1.6. Location Updating ...................................143
10.2. Paging......................................................144
10.2.1. Introduction ............................................144
10.2.2. Channel combinations ..............................145
10.2.3. Mapping of channels ................................147
10.2.4. Paging groups ........................................148
10.2.5. Summary................................................151
10.3. GSM active mode cell selection algorithm........152
10.3.1. Identification of surrounding BTSs
for handover measurements.................................152
10.3.2. Radio link measurements ..........................152
10.3.3. Measurement reporting.............................155
10.3.4. Handover algorithm...................................156
10.3.5. Radio link failure.......................................161
10.3.6. Channel allocation ...................................163
10.3.7. Interactions ...........................................163
10.3.8. Handover decision algorithm in the MSC........163
10.4. GPRS Mobility Management functionality .........164
10.4.1. Mobility Management (MM) states...............164
10.4.2. MS modes of operation..............................165
10.4.3. Network operation modes...........................166
10.5. Frequency hopping......................................168
10.5.1. Frequency hopping parameters...................169
10.5.2. Frequency hopping sequence......................170
10.5.3. Frequency hopping implementation ..............171
10.5.4. Achievements ..........................................172
10.5.5. Frequency planning guidelines ....................173
10.6. MS power control .......................................176
10.6.1. Introduction.............................................176
10.6.2. Equipment requirements.............................176
10.6.3. RF power control .....................................180
10.6.4. Algorithm................................................181
10.7. Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) .................182
10.7.1. Introduction............................................182
10.7.2. General description...................................182
10.7.3. Conclusions.............................................186
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00:Table of contents
01:Cell planning introduction
1.1. Cell planning process .......................................... 6
1.2. Cell planning prerequisites................................... 6
1.3. Nominal cell plan.................................................. 7
1.4. Site survey..............................................................8
1.5. System design........................................................8
1.6. System implementation..........................................8
1.7. System tuning ........................................................9
02: GSM and GPRS system description
2.1. The geographical structure of the GSM network ....13
2.1.1. Cell .......................................................................13
2.1.2. Location Area ........................................................13
2.1.3. MSC service area...................................................14
2.1.4. PLMN service area .................................................14
2.1.5. GSM service area...................................................15
2.2. GSM system architecture ........................................15
2.2.1. Switching System (SS) ..........................................16
2.2.2. Base Station System (BSS) .....................................20
2.2.3. Mobile Station (MS)...............................................20
2.3. GPRS system architecture........................................21
2.3.1. GPRS Support Nodes ............................................21
2.3.2. Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) ......................22
2.3.3. Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN) ....................22
2.3.4. MSC and SGSN co-operation ...............................23
2.3.5. GPRS Mobile Station ............................................24
2.4. Radio access methods............................................24
2.4.1. Duplex ...............................................................24
2.4.2. Multiple access ..................................................25
2.5. GSM air interface....................................................26
2.5.1. Frequency bands..................................................26
2.5.2. Channel concept .................................................28
2.5.3. GSM logical channels..........................................29
2.5.4. GSM channel configurations ..............................33
2.5.5. Frames structure .................................................37
2.5.6. Burst formats .......................................................38
2.6. GPRS air interface ...................................................40
2.6.1. GPRS logical channels .........................................40
2.6.2. GPRS radio resources ..........................................42
2.6.3. Temporary Block Flow (TBF).................................44
2.6.4. GPRS MS modes ...................................................44
03: Radio wave propagation
3.1. Wireless transmission ...........................................48
3.1.1. Waves ................................................................48
3.1.2. Frequency ..........................................................48
3.1.3. Channels ..........................................................49
3.2. Generation of radio waves.....................................49
3.2.1. Isotropic antenna..............................................50
3.2.2. Half dipol antenna ............................................50
3.2.3. Antenna gain.....................................................50
3.2.4. Antenna radiation pattern ..................................51
3.2.5. Beamwidth..........................................................52
3.3. Radio wave propagation in free space..................52
3.4. Transmission problems........................................55
3.4.1. Path loss............................................................56
3.4.2. Shadowing ........................................................57
3.4.3. Multipath fading ...............................................58
3.4.4. Rayleigh fading (fast fading)..............................58
3.4.5. Time dispersion ................................................61
3.4.6. Time alignment..................................................64
3.5. Interference...........................................................65
3.5.1. Co-channel interference....................................65
3.5.2. Adjacent channel interference ..........................66
04: Channel planning
4.1. Capacity goes with a carrier .................................68
4.2. Channel reuse pattern..........................................68
4.3. Frequency allocation............................................72
4.4. BSIC planning .......................................................74
4.5. Cell planning aspects of GPRS ..............................75
05:Traffic
5.1. Traffic concept.....................................................78
5.1.1. Example 1: traffic per subscriber ......................78
5.1.2. Example 2: traffic in a cell .................................79
5.2. Grade of Service (GoS) ...........................................79
5.3. Erlang B-table .......................................................81
5.3.1. Example 3: number of TRXs in a cell .................81
5.4. Example 4: traffic calculations .............................83
5.5. Traffic distributions..............................................83
5.5.1. Uniform traffic...................................................83
5.5.2. Non-uniform traffic ..........................................83
5.6. SDCCH dimensioning............................................84
5.7. Channel utilization................................................85
5.7.1. Example 5: channel utilization ..........................85
5.8. GPRS capacity........................................................86
5.8.1. Trunking gain ....................................................86
5.8.2. Offered throughput ...........................................86
5.8.3. Example 6: offered throughput..........................88
06:Power balance
6.1. Power budget ......................................................90
6.1.1. Downlink budget .............................................90
6.1.2. Uplink budget ...................................................91
6.1.3. Power balance....................................................91
6.2. MS output power and sensitivity ..........................92
6.3. Duplex and diplex filter ........................................92
6.4. Cable loss .............................................................93
6.5. Diversity gain and slant loss.................................93
6.6. Example: power balance.........................................94
6.7. Effective isotropic Radiated Power (EiRP)...............94
6.8. Flow of coverage calculations...............................95
07: Coverage predictions
7.1. Cell coverage.........................................................98
7.2. Propagation models...............................................98
7.2.1. Okumura-Hata model ........................................99
7.2.2. Simple Okumura-Hata model............................100
7.2.3. COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami model.....................102
7.2.4. Propagation models prerequisites.....................104
7.3. Cell size...............................................................105
7.3.1. Large cell .........................................................105
7.3.2. Small cell ..........................................................105
7.3.3. Microcell............................................................106
08: Site survey
8.1. Introduction........................................................108
8.2. Site survey instruments.......................................109
8.2.1. Camera.............................................................109
8.2.2. Compass ......................................................... 110
8.2.3. Map datum.......................................................110
8.2.4. GPS equipment.................................................110
8.2.5. Camera.............................................................110
8.2.6. Measuring tape ...............................................110
8.2.7. Clinometer ......................................................110
8.3. Radio network survey..........................................111
8.3.1. Position relative nominal grid .........................112
8.3.2. Fresnel zone.....................................................113
8.3.3. Space for antennas ...........................................115
8.3.4. Antenna separation ...........................................115
8.3.5. Obstacles..........................................................116
8.3.6. Building selection..............................................116
8.3.7. Site candidates .................................................116
8.3.8. Space for radio equipment...............................116
8.3.9. Power supply ....................................................116
8.3.10. Transmission link ..........................................116
8.3.11. Contract with the owner .................................117
8.4. Survey report........................................................117
09:Network expansion
9.1. Introduction........................................................120
9.2. Ways of capacity improvements ........................120
9.2.1. Cell split..........................................................121
9.2.2. Hierarcical cell structure...................................123
9.2.3. Overlaid/Underlaid subcells ............................124
9.2.4. Dual band system ...........................................124
9.2.5. Half rate ..........................................................124
9.3. Frequency planning techniques ..........................124
9.3.1. Multiple Reuse Pattern (MRP) .............................125
9.3.2. Fractional Load Planning (FLP) ...........................126
10:Radio network procedures
10.1. GSM idle mode cell selection algorithm.............131
10.1.1. Introduction ...........................................131
10.1.2. PLMN selection.......................................132
10.1.3. Cell selection .........................................134
10.1.4. Cell reselection ......................................138
10.1.5. Measurements for cell reselection ..............142
10.1.6. Location Updating ...................................143
10.2. Paging......................................................144
10.2.1. Introduction ............................................144
10.2.2. Channel combinations ..............................145
10.2.3. Mapping of channels ................................147
10.2.4. Paging groups ........................................148
10.2.5. Summary................................................151
10.3. GSM active mode cell selection algorithm........152
10.3.1. Identification of surrounding BTSs
for handover measurements.................................152
10.3.2. Radio link measurements ..........................152
10.3.3. Measurement reporting.............................155
10.3.4. Handover algorithm...................................156
10.3.5. Radio link failure.......................................161
10.3.6. Channel allocation ...................................163
10.3.7. Interactions ...........................................163
10.3.8. Handover decision algorithm in the MSC........163
10.4. GPRS Mobility Management functionality .........164
10.4.1. Mobility Management (MM) states...............164
10.4.2. MS modes of operation..............................165
10.4.3. Network operation modes...........................166
10.5. Frequency hopping......................................168
10.5.1. Frequency hopping parameters...................169
10.5.2. Frequency hopping sequence......................170
10.5.3. Frequency hopping implementation ..............171
10.5.4. Achievements ..........................................172
10.5.5. Frequency planning guidelines ....................173
10.6. MS power control .......................................176
10.6.1. Introduction.............................................176
10.6.2. Equipment requirements.............................176
10.6.3. RF power control .....................................180
10.6.4. Algorithm................................................181
10.7. Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) .................182
10.7.1. Introduction............................................182
10.7.2. General description...................................182
10.7.3. Conclusions.............................................186
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