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Cooperative Communications and Networking 2010
Technologies and System Design

Foreword by Georgios B. Giannakis
ISBN 978-1-4419-7193-7
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010932009

Contents:
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 1
1.1 An Overview on Cooperative Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
1.2 Brief History of Cooperative and Relay Channels . . . . . . . . . .. 5
1.3 Standardization of Cooperative Communication and Relay
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6
1.4 Book Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10
2 Review of Wireless Communications and MIMO
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Characteristics of Wireless Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.1 Path Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.2 Shadowing Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
2.1.3 Multipath Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 19
2.2 Techniques to Exploit Spatial Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.1 Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) System . . . . . .......... . 26
2.2.2 Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) System . . . . . . .......... 35
2.2.3 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) System . . . .............. 44
2.3 Capacity of Wireless Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.1 Capacity of AWGN Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.2 Capacity of Flat Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.3.3 Capacity with Multiple Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.4 Diversity-and-Multiplexing Tradeoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 58
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3 Two-User Cooperative Transmission Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 67
3.1 Decode-and-Forward Relaying Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.1.1 Basic DF Relaying Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.1.2 Selection DF Relaying Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.1.3 Demodulate-and-Forward Relaying Scheme . . . . . . . . . ........ 81
3.2 Amplify-and-Forward Relaying Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.2.1 Basic AF Relaying Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.2.2 Incremental AF Relaying Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.3 Coded Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3.1 Basic Coded Cooperation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
3.3.2 User Multiplexing for Coded Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . ..... 106
3.4 Compress-and-Forward Relaying Schemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 114
3.5 Channel Estimation in Single Relay Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4 Cooperative Transmission Schemes with Multiple Relays ............... 125
4.1 Orthogonal Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.1.1 Orthogonal Cooperation with AF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 127
4.1.2 Orthogonal Cooperation with DF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 133
4.2 Transmit Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 135
4.2.1 Transmit Beamforming with AF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 135
4.2.2 Transmit Beamforming with DF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 141
4.3 Selective Relaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 146
4.3.1 Selective Relaying with AF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.3.2 Selective Relaying with DF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.4 Distributed Space-Time Coding (DSTC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.4.1 Distributed Space-Time Coding with DF Relays . . . . . .......... 153
4.4.2 Distributed Space-Time Coding with AF Relays . . . . . .......... 161
4.5 Channel Estimation in Multi-Relay Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.5.1 Training Design for AF Multi-Relay Systems . . . . . . . ...... . 168
4.5.2 Training Design for DF Multi-Relay Systems . . . . . . . ...... . 173
4.6 Other Topics on Multi-Relay Cooperative Communications . .......... 178
4.6.1 Multi-Hop Cooperative Transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.6.2 Asynchronous Cooperative Transmissions . . . . . . . . . . .... . 187
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5 Fundamental Limits of Cooperative and Relay Networks . .............. 193
5.1 Gaussian Relay Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.1.1 Cut-Set Bound of Gaussian Relay Channels . . . . . . . . . ...... 194
5.1.2 Decode-and-Forward and Degraded Relay Channels . . .............. 197
5.1.3 Compress-and-Forward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.2 Single-Relay Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.2.1 Ergodic Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.2.2 Diversity and Multiplexing Tradeoffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
5.3 Multi-Relay Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.3.1 Upper Bound of Gaussian Multi-Relay Networks . . . . ............ 214
5.3.2 Lower bound of Gaussian Multi-Relay Networks and
Asymptotic Capacity Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
5.3.3 Multi-Relay Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 225
7 Cooperation Relaying in OFDM and MIMO Systems . . . . ............... 271
7.1 Brief Review of OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 271
7.2 Resource Allocation in Pair-Wise Cooperative OFDM Systems274
7.2.1 Power Allocation in Pair-Wise Cooperative OFDM
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
7.2.2 Subcarrier Matching for Pair-Wise Cooperative
OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
7.3 Cooperative OFDM Systems with Multiple Relays . . . . . . . . . ... 282
7.3.1 Cooperative Beamforming for OFDM Multi-Relay
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
7.3.2 Selective Relaying for OFDM Multi-Relay Systems . . . .............288
7.4 Distributed Space-Frequency Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
7.4.1 Decode-and-Forward Space-Frequency Codes . . . . . . . . . ........293
7.4.2 Amplify-and-Forward Space-Frequency Codes . . . . . . . .......... 301
7.5 Cooperation with MIMO Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
8 Medium Access Control in Cooperative Networks . . . . . . .......... . 317
8.1 Cooperation with Slotted ALOHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
8.1.1 Definition of Stability Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
8.1.2 Stability Region of a Cooperative Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
8.2 Collision Resolution Mechanisms in Cooperative Networks . . ........ 329
8.2.1 Network-Assisted Diversity Multiple Access (NDMA) ................ 329
8.2.2 Enhancements to NDMA with Relaying Users . . . . . . . . ..........331
8.3 Cooperation with CSMA/CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
8.3.1 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol . . . . . . . ......... . 333
8.3.2 CoopMAC based on the IEEE 802.11 Protocol . . . . . . . ...........336
8.3.3 Analysis of CoopMAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 341
8.4 Automatic Retransmission reQuest (ARQ) with Cooperative
Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
8.5 Throughput Optimal Scheduling Protocols for Cooperative
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
8.5.1 Review of Throughput Optimal Control Policy for
Non-Cooperative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
8.5.2 Throughput Optimal Control Policy for Cooperative
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
9 Networking and Cross-Layer Issues in Cooperative
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 361
9.1 QoS in Cooperative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
9.1.1 QoS of a Simple Relay Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
9.1.2 QoS of a Cooperative Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
9.2 Routing in Cooperative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
9.2.1 General Formulation of Cooperative Routing . . . . . . . . ........ 373
9.2.2 Heuristic Algorithms for Cooperative Routing . . . . . . . . .......379
9.3 Security Issues in Cooperative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
9.3.1 Misbehavior in Relay Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
9.3.2 Security in Single-Relay Cooperative Networks . . . . . . ......... 385
9.3.3 Security in Multi-Relay Cooperative Networks . . . . . . .......... 388
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394


Cooperative Communications and Networking 2010
Cooperative Communications and Networking
Technologies and System Design
Foreword by Georgios B. Giannakis
ISBN 978-1-4419-7193-7
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2010932009
Total Pages:411
Contents:
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. 1
1.1 An Overview on Cooperative Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1
1.2 Brief History of Cooperative and Relay Channels . . . . . . . . . .. 5
1.3 Standardization of Cooperative Communication and Relay
Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 6
1.4 Book Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 10
2 Review of Wireless Communications and MIMO
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1 Characteristics of Wireless Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.1 Path Loss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.1.2 Shadowing Effect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18
2.1.3 Multipath Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 19
2.2 Techniques to Exploit Spatial Diversity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.2.1 Single-Input Multiple-Output (SIMO) System . . . . . .......... . 26
2.2.2 Multiple-Input Single-Output (MISO) System . . . . . . .......... 35
2.2.3 Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) System . . . .............. 44
2.3 Capacity of Wireless Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.1 Capacity of AWGN Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.2 Capacity of Flat Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.3.3 Capacity with Multiple Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.4 Diversity-and-Multiplexing Tradeoff. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 58
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3 Two-User Cooperative Transmission Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 67
3.1 Decode-and-Forward Relaying Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.1.1 Basic DF Relaying Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.1.2 Selection DF Relaying Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.1.3 Demodulate-and-Forward Relaying Scheme . . . . . . . . . ........ 81
3.2 Amplify-and-Forward Relaying Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.2.1 Basic AF Relaying Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.2.2 Incremental AF Relaying Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.3 Coded Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.3.1 Basic Coded Cooperation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 103
3.3.2 User Multiplexing for Coded Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . ..... 106
3.4 Compress-and-Forward Relaying Schemes. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 114
3.5 Channel Estimation in Single Relay Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4 Cooperative Transmission Schemes with Multiple Relays ............... 125
4.1 Orthogonal Cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.1.1 Orthogonal Cooperation with AF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 127
4.1.2 Orthogonal Cooperation with DF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 133
4.2 Transmit Beamforming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 135
4.2.1 Transmit Beamforming with AF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . 135
4.2.2 Transmit Beamforming with DF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 141
4.3 Selective Relaying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 146
4.3.1 Selective Relaying with AF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
4.3.2 Selective Relaying with DF Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.4 Distributed Space-Time Coding (DSTC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
4.4.1 Distributed Space-Time Coding with DF Relays . . . . . .......... 153
4.4.2 Distributed Space-Time Coding with AF Relays . . . . . .......... 161
4.5 Channel Estimation in Multi-Relay Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
4.5.1 Training Design for AF Multi-Relay Systems . . . . . . . ...... . 168
4.5.2 Training Design for DF Multi-Relay Systems . . . . . . . ...... . 173
4.6 Other Topics on Multi-Relay Cooperative Communications . .......... 178
4.6.1 Multi-Hop Cooperative Transmissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.6.2 Asynchronous Cooperative Transmissions . . . . . . . . . . .... . 187
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
5 Fundamental Limits of Cooperative and Relay Networks . .............. 193
5.1 Gaussian Relay Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
5.1.1 Cut-Set Bound of Gaussian Relay Channels . . . . . . . . . ...... 194
5.1.2 Decode-and-Forward and Degraded Relay Channels . . .............. 197
5.1.3 Compress-and-Forward. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.2 Single-Relay Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.2.1 Ergodic Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
5.2.2 Diversity and Multiplexing Tradeoffs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
5.3 Multi-Relay Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
5.3.1 Upper Bound of Gaussian Multi-Relay Networks . . . . ............ 214
5.3.2 Lower bound of Gaussian Multi-Relay Networks and
Asymptotic Capacity Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
5.3.3 Multi-Relay Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 225
7 Cooperation Relaying in OFDM and MIMO Systems . . . . ............... 271
7.1 Brief Review of OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 271
7.2 Resource Allocation in Pair-Wise Cooperative OFDM Systems274
7.2.1 Power Allocation in Pair-Wise Cooperative OFDM
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
7.2.2 Subcarrier Matching for Pair-Wise Cooperative
OFDM Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
7.3 Cooperative OFDM Systems with Multiple Relays . . . . . . . . . ... 282
7.3.1 Cooperative Beamforming for OFDM Multi-Relay
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
7.3.2 Selective Relaying for OFDM Multi-Relay Systems . . . .............288
7.4 Distributed Space-Frequency Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
7.4.1 Decode-and-Forward Space-Frequency Codes . . . . . . . . . ........293
7.4.2 Amplify-and-Forward Space-Frequency Codes . . . . . . . .......... 301
7.5 Cooperation with MIMO Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
8 Medium Access Control in Cooperative Networks . . . . . . .......... . 317
8.1 Cooperation with Slotted ALOHA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
8.1.1 Definition of Stability Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320
8.1.2 Stability Region of a Cooperative Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
8.2 Collision Resolution Mechanisms in Cooperative Networks . . ........ 329
8.2.1 Network-Assisted Diversity Multiple Access (NDMA) ................ 329
8.2.2 Enhancements to NDMA with Relaying Users . . . . . . . . ..........331
8.3 Cooperation with CSMA/CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
8.3.1 Overview of the IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol . . . . . . . ......... . 333
8.3.2 CoopMAC based on the IEEE 802.11 Protocol . . . . . . . ...........336
8.3.3 Analysis of CoopMAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 341
8.4 Automatic Retransmission reQuest (ARQ) with Cooperative
Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
8.5 Throughput Optimal Scheduling Protocols for Cooperative
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
8.5.1 Review of Throughput Optimal Control Policy for
Non-Cooperative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
8.5.2 Throughput Optimal Control Policy for Cooperative
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
9 Networking and Cross-Layer Issues in Cooperative
Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 361
9.1 QoS in Cooperative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
9.1.1 QoS of a Simple Relay Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
9.1.2 QoS of a Cooperative Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
9.2 Routing in Cooperative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
9.2.1 General Formulation of Cooperative Routing . . . . . . . . ........ 373
9.2.2 Heuristic Algorithms for Cooperative Routing . . . . . . . . .......379
9.3 Security Issues in Cooperative Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
9.3.1 Misbehavior in Relay Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
9.3.2 Security in Single-Relay Cooperative Networks . . . . . . ......... 385
9.3.3 Security in Multi-Relay Cooperative Networks . . . . . . .......... 388
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

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