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gsmman2006
2011-11-12, 02:51 AM
Introduction 1
1.1 The Indoor Coverage Challenge 1
1.2 Concepts of Femtocells 2
1.2.1 What is a Femtocell? 2
1.2.2 A Brief History 2
1.2.3 What is Included in a Femtocell Access Point? 3
1.2.4 FAP Technologies 3
1.2.5 FAP Deployment 4
1.2.6 FAP Classification 4
1.3 Why is Femtocell Important? 4
1.4 Deployment of Femtocells 6
1.4.1 Operator’s Perspective 7
1.4.2 Subscriber’s Perspective 8
1.5 Important Facts to Attract More Customers 8
1.5.1 Access Control 8
1.5.2 Standardization 9
1.5.3 Business Models 10
1.5.4 Applications 11
1.5.5 Femtocells vs Unlicensed Mobile Access (UMA) 12
1.6 The Structure of the Book 12
References 13
2 Indoor Coverage Techniques 15
2.1 Improvement of Indoor Coverage 15
2.2 Outdoor Cells 15
2.2.1 In Rural Areas 16
2.2.2 In Urban Areas 17
viii Contents
2.3 Repeaters 18
2.3.1 Indoor Passive Repeaters 18
2.3.2 Active Repeaters 19
2.3.3 Development of In-Building Repeaters 19
2.3.4 Conclusion 21
2.4 Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS) 21
2.4.1 Passive Distributed Antenna Systems 21
2.4.2 Drawback of Passive Systems 24
2.4.3 Active Distributed Antenna Systems 25
2.4.4 Choice between Passive and Basic Systems 26
2.5 Radiating or Leaky Cable 27
2.5.1 Principle of Operation 27
2.5.2 Deployment 28
2.5.3 Alternative to Radiating Cables 30
2.6 Indoor Base Stations 30
2.6.1 Picocells 30
2.6.2 Femtocells 33
2.6.3 Differences between Picocells and Femtocells 35
2.7 Comparison of Indoor Coverage Techniques 36
References 37
3 Access Network Architecture 39
3.1 Overview 39
3.1.1 Legacy Iub over IP 40
3.1.2 Concentrator 41
3.1.3 Generic Access Network (GAN)-Based RAN Gateway 42
3.1.4 IMS and SIP 43
3.2 GAN-Based Femtocell-to-Core Network Connectivity 44
3.2.1 GAN Variant of Iu-Based Home NodeB Architecture 44
3.2.2 Component Description 46
3.2.3 Functional Split between HNB and NHB-GW 50
3.2.4 Internal and External Interfaces (Standard Conformance) 51
3.2.5 Protocol Architecture 53
3.2.6 GAN Specification Extensions for HNB Support 57
3.2.7 Advantages of GAN HNB Architecture 57
3.3 3GPP Iuh (Iu-Home) for Home NodeB 58
3.3.1 Iub and Iuh for HNB 58
3.3.2 Iu-h for HNB 60
3.4 Evolution to IMS/HSPA+/LTE 61
3.5 Architecture with IMS Support 64
3.5.1 Added Features 64
3.5.2 Alternative Architectures 64
References 66
4 Air-Interface Technologies 69
4.1 Introduction 69
Contents ix
4.2 2G Femtocells: GSM 70
4.2.1 The Network 70
4.2.2 The Air Interface 73
4.3 3G Femtocells: UMTS and HSPA 78
4.3.1 CDMA Fundamentals 79
4.3.2 The Network 81
4.3.3 The Air Interface 83
4.3.4 HSPA Femtocells 88
4.4 OFDM-Based Femtocells 90
4.4.1 OFDM Fundamentals 91
4.4.2 WiMAX 95
4.4.3 LTE 99
References 102
5 System-Level Simulation for Femtocell Scenarios 105
5.1 Network Simulation 106
5.2 Link and System Level Simulations 107
5.3 Wireless Radio Channel Modelling 110
5.3.1 Physical Effects 110
5.3.2 Propagation Models 111
5.3.3 Choice of a Model 113
5.3.4 Important Factors 114
5.3.5 Simulation of the Fading Effects 115
5.4 Static and Dynamic System-Level Simulations 116
5.5 Static System-Level Methodology for WiMAX Femtocells 117
5.5.1 Network Characterization 117
5.5.2 Static SLS Methodology 121
5.6 Coverage and Capacity Analysis for WiMAX Femtocells 130
5.6.1 Scenario Description 130
5.6.2 Coverage 131
5.6.3 Signal Quality 133
5.6.4 Performance 134
5.7 Overview of Dynamic System-Level Simulation 138
5.7.1 Traffic Modelling 140
5.7.2 Mobility Modelling 141
References 142
6 Interference in the Presence of Femtocells 145
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Key Concepts 146
6.2.1 Co-Layer Interference 146
6.2.2 Cross-Layer Interference 154
6.2.3 The Near–Far Problem 162
6.3 Interference Cancellation 165
6.3.1 Uplink Techniques 165
6.3.2 Downlink Techniques 169
x Contents
6.4 Interference Avoidance 170
6.4.1 CDMA 170
6.4.2 OFDMA 172
6.5 Interference Management with UMTS 174
6.5.1 Co-Channel Interference 175
6.5.2 Adjacent Channel Interference 176
6.6 Conclusion 177
References 177
7 Mobility Management 179
7.1 Introduction 179
7.2 Mobility Management for Femtocells in 3GPP 180
7.3 Femtocell Characterization 184
7.3.1 Distinguish Femtocell from Macrocell 184
7.3.2 Find Neighbouring Femtocells 189
7.3.3 Distinguish Accessible Femtocell 190
7.3.4 Handle Allowed List 192
7.4 Access Control 195
7.4.1 Access Control Triggers 195
7.4.2 Access Control Location 196
7.4.3 Access Control for Different Access Types 198
7.5 Paging Procedure 199
7.5.1 Paging Optimization in MME/SGSN 200
7.5.2 Paging Optimization in Femtocell-GW 201
7.6 Cell Selection and Reselection 201
7.6.1 Cell Selection in Pre-release 8 204
7.6.2 Cell Reselection in Pre-release 8 206
7.6.3 Cell Selection in Release 8 209
7.6.4 Cell Reselection in Release 8 211
7.7 Cell Handover 214
7.7.1 Cell Handover in Pre-release 8 215
7.7.2 Cell Handover in Release 8 217
References 222
8 Self-Organization 225
8.1 Self-Organization 226
8.1.1 Context 226
8.1.2 Definition 228
8.1.3 Drivers 229
8.2 Self-Configuration, Self-Optimization and Self-Healing 229
8.3 Self-Organization in Femtocell Scenarios 231
8.3.1 Context 231
8.3.2 Objectives 232
8.4 Start-Up Procedure in Femtocells 232
8.5 Sensing the Radio Channel 234
8.5.1 Network Listening Mode 234
Contents xi
8.5.2 Message Exchange 235
8.5.3 Measurement Reports 235
8.5.4 Cognitive Radio 237
8.6 Self-Configuration and Self-Optimization of Femtocell Parameters 239
8.6.1 Physical Cell Identity (PCI) 239
8.6.2 Neighbouring List 241
8.6.3 Spectrum Allocation 244
8.6.4 Power Selection 245
8.6.5 Frequency Allocation 248
8.6.6 Antenna Pattern Shaping 253
References 257
9 Further Femtocell Issues 261
9.1 Timing 261
9.1.1 Clock Accuracy Requirements 262
9.1.2 Oscillators for Femtocells 262
9.1.3 Timing Synchronization 264
9.1.4 Choosing a Solution 269
9.2 Femtocell Security 270
9.2.1 Possible Risks 270
9.2.2 IPsec 271
9.2.3 Extensible Authentication Protocol 272
9.2.4 Femtocell Secure Authentication 273
9.2.5 Protection of the Wireless Link 274
9.3 Femtocell Location 275
9.3.1 Need for the FAP Location 275
9.3.2 Solutions 276
9.4 Access Methods 277
9.4.1 Closed Access 279
9.4.2 Open Access 281
9.4.3 Hybrid Access 284
9.5 Need for New Applications 287
9.5.1 Evolution of Consumer Interest in Femtocells 287
9.5.2 Development of New Applications 288
9.6 Health Issues 289
9.6.1 Radio Waves and Health 289
9.6.2 Power Levels Due to Femtocells 290
References 290


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